What is the p factor?
The p factor is a general psychopathology factor that underlies many mental disorders, similar to g in intelligence.
What does comorbidity suggest about current diagnostic systems?
High comorbidity indicates that current diagnostic categories may not reflect true underlying processes.
What are the four criteria of normality?
Biomedical: biological systems function normally
Statistical: what is most common
Health: ideal functioning defined by experts
Socio-political: norms defined by society
How is pathology defined under the same criteria?
Biomedical: biological dysfunction
Statistical: extreme rarity
Health: maladaptive patterns causing distress
Socio-political: socially undesirable behavior (moral judgment)
What is the spectrum/continuum model of mental disorders?
Mental disorders are viewed as extreme expressions of normal traits, with cut-off points separating the general population from extreme groups.
What are the three levels of personality linked to mental health?
Traits (stable patterns; Big Five)
Characteristic adaptations (goals, motives, social-cognitive processes)
Life narratives (personal life stories)
What is the vulnerability model?
Personality traits increase the risk of developing mental disorders (e.g., high neuroticism → depression).
What is the common cause model?
Shared genetic or environmental factors influence both personality traits and mental disorders.
What is the spectrum/continuum model?
Mental disorders are extreme manifestations of normal personality traits (e.g., depression as extreme neuroticism).
What is the scar model?
Mental disorders cause lasting changes in personality traits.
What is the state model?
Personality changes occur during an episode but return to baseline after recovery.
What is the co-development model?
Personality traits and mental disorders develop together and mutually influence each other over time.
How do clinical diagnosis protocols differ from personality questionnaires?
Clinical diagnosis targets syndromes and symptoms and emphasizes differential validity
personality questionnaires measure latent traits and emphasize construct validity.
Give an example of a normal vs. abnormal personality measure.
NEO-PI-R: measures normal traits (e.g., extraversion)
MMPI-II: measures abnormal traits and psychopathology
How is the Big Five useful in clinical practice?
It helps with understanding clients
facilitating empathy,
optimizing feedback,
setting treatment goals,
identifying strengths/weaknesses,
and supporting treatment selection.
Which traits are most linked to depression and anxiety?
High Neuroticism
Low Extraversion
Shared genetic vulnerability with internalizing disorders
Which traits are linked to substance use disorders?
Low Conscientiousness
Low Agreeableness Relationships are bidirectional over time.
Which premorbid traits predict schizophrenia risk?
Low Extraversion Other trait differences in patients may reflect effects of illness rather than premorbid personality.
Which personality traits are linked to ADHD?
Low Agreeableness Effects are stronger for inattention symptoms.
Which traits are associated with eating disorders?
Low Agreeableness Most evidence is cross-sectional.
What are the Dark Triad traits?
The Dark Triad consists of Psychopathy, Machiavellianism, and Narcissism.
How is psychopathy characterized?
By insensitivity, lack of empathy, and emotional coldness.
How is Machiavellianism characterized?
By manipulation, strategic behavior, and superficial social charm
How is narcissism characterized?
By grandiosity, feelings of superiority, vanity, and exploitative behavior.
Conclusion
N= broad vulnerability, related to p facotr
low C also predicts a lot
relationship betweeen traits and mental ehatlh is dynamic, reciprocal
infleunced by genes, envrionmen, events
personality reports can prevent, diagnose and invidualize interventions
interventiosn can reduce neurocisicm and increase adaptions
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