Future Time

1. will/shall + infinitive

2. be going to + infinitive

3. present progressive

4. simple present

5. will/shall+progressive infinitive

will+perfect infitnitve

e.g. He will have left by the time we get there.

Future as outcome of present circumstances

1. Future as outcome of present intention

   1. I’m going to go to the cinema tonight.

   2. We’re going to pick John up at his place.

2. Future as outcome of present cause

   1. It’s going to rain.

   2. Careful! You’re going to drop those plates!

Present progressive implies an arrangement that has already been made:

1. We’re going to pick John up at 9 o’clock.

2. You’re giving your presentation tomorrow afternoon, right?

1. Subordinate future: simple present is used in a dependent (subordniate) clause introduced by conditional, temporal and manner conjunctions

   1. I’ll send you an email if you fail the exam.

   2. Call me when you arrive.

2. futurate: in main clauses, simple present is used when the future event is assumed to be a fact OR a plan regardes as unchangable

   1. Tomorrow is tuesday.

   2. The new James Bond movie opens next week.

1. Temporary situation in the future

2. future as a matter of course

e.g.

1. Don’t come round onSaturday. I’ll be marking grammar worksheets most of the day.

2. Next week we will be looking at modals.

3. They will be travelling America all summer.

• am/is/are to+infinitive e.g. The President is to visit Japan next month.

• be about to + infinitive e.g. The train is about to leave, so hurry up.

• be on the point of+ -ing e.g. The company is on the point of launching a new product.

• be destined to + infinitive e.g. She is destined to become a great scientist.

1. Be/is/are to + infinitive

2. Schools are to re-open soon.

3. to refer to the future resulting from a plan, similar to the futurate use of the simple present, can take a future time adverbial

1. Be about to + infinitive

2. I’m about to throw up.

3. refers to the immediate future. Something that will happen very shortly after now.

1. Be going to+infinitive

2. Tom and Mark are going to get married next summer.

3. planned arrangements, we are sure about future events, reminders, warnings

present intention

preent cause

1. The train leaves at 16:00.; Tom retires next summer.

2. calendar references and events which are assumed to be fact or regarded as unchangeable.

• Grammarians do not view the future as a tense but a semantic category

• Linguists view the future as a tense.

1. Verb (present) + progressive aspect (with future meaning)

2. I am meeting Victoria for lunch. ; You are making a presentation next wek, aren’t you?

3. plans, programmes ir arrangements OR future happenings anticipated in the present

use of the present simple in a subordinate clause to indicate a future event

e.g.

If you have time, read some good books.

1. will/shall + infinitive

2. I will ned a holiday after this.

3. determination, committment, scheduled events, promises, requests, orders, future conditionals

is generally used to make predictions about the future

1. (future time adverbial+) will+ perfect infinitive

2. By the time you read this, I’ll have finished the lesson.

3. indicate the past in the future, only used fot events or points in time, not states.

1. will+ perfect progressive

2. By the time I go to Ireland, my grandma will have been waiting months to see me.

3. in combination with future time adverbial: shows that action will have begun at an indefninite time and will continue up to a definite future time.

1. will + progressive infinitive

2. I will be marking exams next week.

3. temporary situation in the future OR future as a matter of course