HPL 02

1. The symptoms of decompression sickness are: | A) The creeps and the leans. | B) The bends, the chokes and the creeps. | C) The bends, the leans and the chokes. | D) The leans.

2. The incomplete combustion of fuel produces: | A) Oxygen. | B) Carbon dioxide. | C) Carbon monoxide. | D) Nitrogen.

3. Initial symptoms of carbon monoxide poisoning may include:Mark all correct answers. | A) Headache. | B) Sore throat. | C) Dizziness. | D) Euphoria. | E) Dry eyes. | F) Sinus pain. | G) Nausea. | H) Flu-like symptoms. | I) Dry cough. | J) Abdominal pain.

4. Symptoms of prolonged exposure to carbon monoxide include: Mark all correct answers. | A) Mental confusion. | B) Pale white skin. | C) Loss of consciousness. | D) Bright pink skin. | E) Death. | F) Euphoria.

5. The pressure in the middle ear is equalised with ambient pressure by the: | A) Tympanic membrane. | B) Semi-circular canals. | C) Ossicles. | D) Eustachian tube.

6. Injury caused by air pressure is known as: | A) The bends. | B) The leans. | C) The creeps. | D) Barotrauma.

7. A blocked eustachian tube, which causes a difference between the middle ear and ambient pressure, can result in: | A) Sinus barotrauma. | B) Gastrointestinal barotrauma. | C) Aerodontalgia. | D) Otic barotrauma.

8. Blocked sinuses cause pressure build-up in the sinus passages. This causes intense pain in the face and forehead and possible nose bleeds. This is known as: | A) Aerodontalgia. | B) Gastrointestinal barotrauma. | C) Otic barotrauma. | D) Sinus barotrauma.

9. Trapped gas under dental fillings causes intense toothache. This is known as: | A) Sinus barotrauma. | B) Aerodontalgia. | C) Otic barotrauma. | D) Gastrointestinal barotrauma.

10. Trapped gas in the stomach or bowel causes intense abdominal pain. This is known as: | A) Gastrointestinal barotrauma. | B) Otic barotrauma. | C) Aerodontalgia. | D) Sinus barotrauma.

11. The most common cause of in-flight incapacitation is. | A) Gastrointestinal upsets. | B) Sinus barotrauma. | C) Aerodontalgia. | D) Otic barotrauma.

12. Which of the following are hazardous materials, commonly found in an aircraft:Mark all correct answers. | A) Anti-icing fluid. | B) In-flight meals. | C) Plastics in cabin and insulation. | D) Fuels. | E) Halon fire extinguishers. | F) Hydraulic oil. | G) Solvents and degreasers. | H) Exhaust gases. | I) Damaged composite materials. | J) Batteries.

13. The cause of decompression sickness is __________ gas dissolved in the blood coming out of solution in conditions of low ambient pressure. | A) carbon dioxide | B) oxygen | C) nitrogen | D) carbon monoxide

14. Decompression sickness can be avoided by ensuring that the cabin altitude never exceeds __________ ft or that you avoid prolonged flight where the cabin altitude exceeds 18 000 ft. | A) 24 500 | B) 14 000

15. Mild decompression symptoms disappear when you __________. | A) ascend | B) descend

16. __________ significantly increases the risk of decompression sickness because __________ forces more nitrogen into the blood stream.

17. Do not fly within __________ hrs of shallow diving using compressed air or __________ hrs if diving deeper than 30 ft using compressed air. | A) 12; 48 | B) 6; 24 | C) 12; 24 | D) 8; 12

18. __________ accelerations are experienced when an aircraft increases or decreases its air speed. | A) Angular | B) Linear

19. __________ accelerations (g) are experienced when the aircraft is pitching nose-up or nose-down. | A) Linear | B) Angular

20. Angular acceleration during a pitch-up manoeuvre __________ blood circulation to the brain and __________ blood volume in the lower legs. | A) reduces; increases | B) reduces; reduces | C) increases; increases | D) increases; reduces

21. Positive g can cause a progressive loss of __________, a sense of fatigue and drowsiness and difficulty breathing. Very high g can cause __________. | A) vision; loss of consciousness | B) hearing; syncope | C) hearing; loss of consciousness | D) vision; syncope | E) vision; vomiting | F) hearing; vomiting

22. __________ binds readily to red blood cells, preventing oxygen from being absorbed and transported to tissues and organs. | A) Carbon dioxide | B) Carbon monoxide

23. If you suspect such poisoning: immediately close __________ air vents; turn __________ the cabin heating; open cabin windows and land asap. | A) hot; on | B) hot; off | C) cold; off | D) cold; on

24. High altitude hazards include:A greater concentration of __________ gas. | A) carbon dioxide | B) ozone

25. High altitude hazards include:__________ which can damage DNA. | A) Solar winds | B) Cosmic radiation

26. High altitude hazards include:High intensity __________ light, which can eventually cause cataracts. | A) infra-red | B) UV

27. Relative humidity in the atmosphere is mostly associated with __________ ambient temperature. | A) low | B) high | C) constant

28. The relative humidity in a pressurised jet aircraft is usually much __________ than ambient. | A) the same | B) higher | C) lower

29. Low relative humidity causes: thirst, dry eyes; dry skin and dry mucus membranes. As a countermeasure, drink plenty of __________ and use eye drops and aqueous cream. | A) electrolytes | B) water | C) coffee | D) alcohol

30. Otic barotrauma can be worse in the __________ because relatively __________ pressure at the entrance to the eustachian tube causes it to __________. | A) ascent; high; close | B) descent; low; open | C) descent; high; open | D) descent; high; close

31. Incapacitation is most dangerous when its onset is __________. | A) sudden | B) insidious

32. The most important issue with an incapacitated pilot is to recognise the situation quickly and ensure that __________. | A) ATC is made aware of the problem | B) the victim is immediately laid flat | C) no part of his/her body is interfering with the controls

33. Because of the design of the air conditioning system, noxious fumes or smoke can spread rapidly from their source throughout the cabin. They can quickly degrade your performance and lead to incapacitation. You immediate actions are to:Don oxygen masks and select __________ as soon as you suspect the presence of fumes. | A) Normal | B) 100%

34. If noxious fumes are detected, make __________ descent. | A) a normal | B) a glide | C) an emergency

35. If noxious fumes are detected, when safe to do so consider depressurising and opening the direct vision window. Land__________ __________ . | A) as soon as practicable | B) as soon as possible

36. In aviation, the term used to describe temporary mental tiredness is: | A) Chronic fatigue. | B) Incapacitation. | C) Short-term exhaustion. | D) Fatigue.

37. Which of the following can be caused by a temporary lack of sleep, or a period of intense work. | A) Chronic fatigue. | B) Short-term fatigue. | C) Incapacitation. | D) Barotrauma.

38. Deep-seated tiredness caused by continuous exposure to jet-lag is a characteristic of: | A) Incapacitation. | B) Fatigue. | C) Chronic fatigue. | D) Short-term fatigue.

39. The following are useful and valid precautions against gastrointestinal upsets in developing countries:Mark all correct answers. | A) Drink bottled water from unsealed bottles. | B) Thoroughly wash fruit with bottled water before eating. | C) Drink bottled water from sealed bottles. | D) Choose shellfish. | E) If no bottled water, boil all water before using it for drinking or cooking. | F) Eat freshly prepared hot food, avoid re-warmed food. | G) Clean your teeth using bottled water only. | H) Wash your hands frequently. | I) Wash your hands in alcohol. | J) Avoid shellfish.

40. Tropical climate precautions include:Mark all correct answers. | A) Use insect sprays. | B) Avoid risky sexual contact, or use a condom. | C) Use anti-malarial prophylactics. | D) Avoiding eating hot foods. | E) Follow the advice for avoiding gastrointestinal upsets. | F) Cover exposed areas of skin at dawn, dusk and night to avoid bites.

41. Major infectious diseases associated with developing and/or tropical areas include: | A) Malaria, yellow fever, tuberculosis, polio, rabies. | B) Malaria, parasitic worms, tuberculosis, polio, rabies. | C) Malaria, yellow fever, tuberculosis, diabetes, rabies. | D) Malaria, yellow fever, coronary disease, polio, rabies.

42. The possible harmful effects of obesity include:Mark all correct answers. | A) Parasitic worms. | B) Coronary disease. | C) Sleep apnoea. | D) Hypoglycaemia | E) Gastrointestinal upsets | F) Circulatory problems. | G) Diabetes. | H) Reduced ability to cope with hypoxia and decompression sickness. | I) Reduced ability to withstand G. | J) Problems with joints.

43. Type 2 (late-onset) diabetes risk factors include: Mark all correct answers. | A) Low blood pressure. | B) Skin colour. | C) Age. | D) Hereditary factors. | E) High blood pressure. | F) Body weight.

44. Back pain, either generalised or the result of a slipped disk, is an occupational hazard for flight crew. Countermeasures include:Mark all correct answers. | A) Physiotherapy. | B) Psychological counselling. | C) Opiate based pain killers. | D) Using a lumbar support. | E) Good sitting posture. | F) Keep yourself in good physical condition. | G) In-flight exercise (if possible).

45. The harmful effects of tobacco include:Mark all correct answers. | A) Cancer. | B) Gastrointestinal upsets. | C) Emphysema. | D) Heart attacks. | E) Strokes. | F) Reduced ability to withstand g-forces. | G) Lung disease. | H) Reduced ability to resist hypoxia. | I) Poorer night vision. | J) Hypoglycaemia.

46. Alcohol effects include:Mark all correct answers. | A) Degraded performance due to interaction with other prescription or non-prescription drugs. | B) Increased risk of hypoxia. | C) Interrupted sleep patterns. | D) Increased inhibitions and improved self-control. | E) Improved vision. | F) Improved sleep patterns. | G) Reduced inhibitions and loss of self-control. | H) Improved ability to reason. | I) Reduced ability to reason.

47. Which of the following statements about alcoholism is/are correct:Mark 2 correct answers. | A) You should only report a colleague if you are absolutely certain beyond doubt that he/she is intoxicated. | B) If you suspect a colleague is dependent on alcohol you should not mention it because he or she may become abusive. | C) If you suspect a colleague of being intoxicated before a flight you have no option but to immediately report your suspicions. | D) Alcoholism usually develops from prolonged use/abuse of alcohol.

48. Which of the following statements about self-medication is/are correct: | A) Antihistamine medicines found in flu remedies are generally safe for flight. | B) Aviation law prohibits flight crew from self-medicating. | C) You must report to an AME whenever you self-medicate. | D) The effects of self-medication decrease with altitude. | E) If you feel so unwell that you require medication, then you should consider yourself unfit to fly. | F) In multi-crew operations it is generally safe to operate even if one crew member is ill.

49. You must seek medical advice from an aeromedical examiner (AME) or aeromedical centre (AeMC) if you:Are admitted to a hospital or clinic for more than __________ hours.

50. You must seek medical advice from an aeromedical examiner (AME) or aeromedical centre (AeMC) if you: __________. | A) take a medication | B) undergo a surgical operation or invasive procedure

51. You must seek medical advice from an aeromedical examiner (AME) or aeromedical centre (AeMC) if you:Regularly use __________. | A) e-cigarettes | B) alcohol | C) medication

52. The in-flight environment may __________ the severity of symptoms which seem minor while on the ground. | A) reduce | B) increase

53. The __________ __________ __________ system is a data-driven means of continuously monitoring and managing fatigue-related safety risks. It is based upon scientific principles and operational experience that aims to ensure personnel are performing at adequate levels of alertness. | A) flight safety data | B) fatigue risk management

54. The primary cause of stomach upsets in most of the developing world is __________ . | A) exposure to heat and sun | B) bacterially contaminated water and food

55. The primary sources of health risks in tropical climates are insects and __________. | A) airborne | B) waterborne

56. In some tropical countries, possible sources of incapacitation are: | A) Poor hygiene standards, particularly concerning the water supply. | B) Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). | C) Insect and waterborne disease. | D) Rabies and other Infectious diseases spread by contact with animals | E) Parasitic worms.

57. In tropical countries possible sources of incapacitation include:__________ worms. | A) Waterborne | B) Parasitic | C) Topical

58. Eat meals at regular times to avoid __________. | A) hyperglycaemia | B) hypoglycaemia

59. All major body processes, including heathy cell function, free flowing circulation and oxygenation of the corneas rely on adequate hydration and nutrition. So, The major components of a healthy diet are: | A) Regular ingestion of multivitamin tablets. | B) Eat meals at regular times to avoid hypoglycaemia. | C) A healthy balance of protein, carbohydrates, fats, minerals and vitamins. | D) Good water intake.

60. Problems associated with diabetes include: | A) Insulin resistance. | B) Colour blindness. | C) Vascular damage. | D) Low alcohol tolerance.

61. Diabetes __________ a licence disqualifier. | A) is | B) is not | C) may be

62. More than __________ mg per day of caffeine produces over-stimulation of the central nervous system and degrades performance.

63. The EASA legal limit for alcohol is __________ mg per 100 ml.

64. One unit of alcohol is equivalent to __________ ml of pure alcohol.

65. The body eliminates alcohol at the rate of about __________ unit(s) per hour.

66. The maximum units of alcohol that can be consumed per day, without causing damage to organs, is __________ units for men and __________ units for women. | A) 3-4; 1-2 | B) 2-3; 3-4 | C) 4-5; 3-4 | D) 3-4; 2-3

67. The slightly hypoxic conditions of flight __________ the effects of medications | A) don't change | B) decrease | C) increase

68. Antihistamine medicines may cause __________. | A) euphoria | B) depression | C) drowsiness

69. If you have not used a particular drug before __________. | A) do not self-medicate before flight | B) increase the time interval between doses | C) use only half the recommended dose | D) it will not effect you

70. Which of the following materials in aviation may cause health problems, when uncontained? 1. Fuel 2. Oxygen 3. Engine oil 4. Hydraulic fluid

71. The maximum EASA blood/alcohol limit for flight and cabin crew is:

72. A pilot who is trying to pick up a fallen abject from the cockpit floor during a tight turn may experience :

73. During flight, carbon monoxide poisoning is a threat that may be the result of:

74. Which of the following types of radiation can be blocked by a sheet of paper?

75. Symptoms of decompression sickness

76. Which of the following statements is/are correct? 1. A state of hyperventilation can occur in response to psychological stress. 2. Physiological stress, e.g. through intense exercise, can cause hyperventilation.

77. Physical exercise in high temperatures or tropical climates may:

78. When travelling to tropical and developing countries, what are the two diseases that can lead to incapacitation and death within a short time period when exposed?

79. Major causes of incapacitation in flight could be:

80. The function of the photosensitive cells is not impaired by:

81. What may the impacts of excessive exposure to radiation (such as solar radiation) be?

82. During a night flight a pilot returns from the cabin and takes their seat in the flight deck, allowing their eyes to adapt to the dark. Which term is relevant to describe the change in the rods and the cones?

83. What are the four sleep-related processes that affect the level of performance?

84. During flight, a pilot may get sensory illusions about the pitch and bank angle. This is caused by the misinterpretation of signals from the vestibular apparatus. Which of the following is an element of the vestibular apparatus?

85. What can pilots do to reduce the probability of suffering from noise-induced hearing loss?

86. What are the major symptoms of gastrointestinal upsets causing incapacitation in flight?

87. You are flying above a fog layer. What's the danger in spotting traffic?

88. Stimuli must be of a certain strength for the receptors to pick them up. This is called:

89. Analysis of accidents involving the human factor in aviation shows that: