What are the main findings of Articel 13 OECD Capital Gains?
According to article 13 OECD MTC, the following principle applies: The Contracting State that has the right to tax capital gains from assets to which, according to this Convention, is the same State as the one entitled to the right to tax the current income from said assets.
Article 13, para. 1 states: “Gains derived by a resident of a Contracting State from the alienation of immovable property referred to in article 6 and situated in the other Contracting State may be taxed in that other State”.
Article 13, para. 1 is a barrier provision with an open legal consequence, meaning that double taxation can only be avoided through the application of the Methods article (article 23).
In this case, Germany applies the exemption method. Article 13, para. 2 deals with gains from the alienation (Verfremdung/Veräußerung) of movable property forming part of the business property of a permanent establishment of an enterprise.
As in article 7, these capital gains may be taxed in the State in which the permanent establishment is situated. “Gains from the alienation of movable property forming part of the business property of a permanent establishment which an enterprise of a Contracting State has in the other Contracting State may be taxed in that other State.”
Similarly to article 8, article 13, para. 3 allows gains from the alienation of ships and aircraft to be taxed only in the Contracting State in which the actual place of management is situated.
Article 13, para. 5 is a backup regulation. “All gains from the alienation of any property other than that referred to in paragraphs 1 to 4 may only be taxed in the Contracting State of which the alienator is a resident.”
Article 13, para. 5 is a barrier provision with a final legal consequence, meaning that avoiding double taxation does not require the application of the Methods article. Only the country of residence has the right of taxation. Article 5 is mainly applied to gains from the alienation of participations held in corporations and securities in private property.
What are the main findings of Articel 15 OECD Income from employment?
Article 15, para. 1 OECD MTC regulates the right to tax income from employment.
Generally speaking, the residence principle (a barrier provision with final legal consequence) applies to such income. Only in the exceptional case where work is carried out in another Contracting State may the remuneration received for said work be taxed in said other State (place‐of‐work principle). However, according to article 15, para. 2, the place‐of work principle is excluded if
the employee is only resident in the State in which the work is carried out on a short‐term basis (less than 183 days every 12 months); and
the remuneration(Vergütung) is paid by an employer which is not a resident of the State in which the work is carried out; and
the remuneration is not borne by a permanent establishment which the employer has in the State in which the work is carried out.
The above pre‐requisites must all be met for taxation by the State in which the work is carried out to be excluded. As lex specialis to paras. 1 and 2, remuneration for employment that is carried out onboard a ship or aircraft that operates internationally may be taxed in the Contracting State in which the enterprise has its place of actual management (barrier provision with open legal consequence). Taxation in the residence of the crew remains unaffected by this barrier provision, meaning that double taxation can only be eliminated through the application of the Methods article
What are the main findings of Articel 16 OECD Income from employment —> Directors Fees?
As lex specialis to article 15, article 16 OECD MTC regulates the right to tax directors’ fees.
Essentially, the following applies: “Directors’ fees and other similar payments received by a resident of a Contracting State in his capacity of a member of the board of directors or supervisory council of a company which is a resident of the other Contracting State may be taxed in that other State.”
Article 16 is a barrier provision with open legal consequence, meaning that the country of residence of the person receiving the remuneration avoids double taxation through the application of the Methods article. In this case, Germany tends to apply the tax credit method
What are the main findings of Articel 17 OECD Entertainers and sportsman?
Article 17 OECD MTC is a special provision for the professional group of entertainers and sportspersons.
The provision states that entertainers and sportspersons may be subject to withholding tax in the State in which they personally carry out their activity. It is typical for these professional groups to be resident in the source country for only a brief period (less than 183 days a year) or for them to have no permanent establishment or fixed business relationship in the source country.
Without this special provision, the source country would have no link for taxation pursuant to article 15 or article 7.
The aim of para. 2 is to prevent entertainers and sportspersons from escaping withholding tax by activating interim entities.
What are the main findings of Articel 18 OECD Pensions?
According to article 18 OECD MTC, pensions from private employment (“subject to article 19, para. 2”), may only be taxed in the country of residence of the recipient, notwithstanding the State in which the employment was carried out.
Article 18 only includes occupational pensions (“remuneration paid in consideration of past employment”).
Pension payments from an insurance relationship, including those from the statutory social security scheme, do not fall under the scope of application of article 18, but rather are covered in article 21.
What are the main findings of Articel 19 OECD Government Service?
For remuneration (article 19, para. 1 a) and pensions (article 19, para. 2 a) paid in consideration of government service, the paying state principle applies. According to this principle, such payments may only be taxed in the Contracting State in which the paying public body has its residence
(barrier provision with final legal consequence). The State that funds the remuneration and pensions via tax should retain the right to tax this income.
Article 19 creates an exception to the paying state principle whereby the recipient is a resident of the other State and is a citizen of said State.
In practice, this exception typically applies to the so‐called local staff of embassies and consulates (örtliches Personal von Botschaften und Konsulaten).
As regards this group of people, the relationship to the paying state is far less pronounced, meaning that an exclusive right of taxation in the recipient state would appear to be justified. If the remuneration from the public coffers is paid not in consideration of fulfilling public service tasks but rather in consideration of business activities, then such remuneration loses its public character and is dealt with as private‐sector remuneration according to articles 15, 16, 17 and 18, this in accordance with article 19, para. 3.
What are the main findings of Articel 20 OECD Student?
According to article 20, maintenance and training payments received by a Student from sources not situated in the host country are not taxed in the host country.
The same applies if the student is a resident of the host country following entry.The purpose of article 20 is to promote the international exchange of training.
What are the main findings of Articel 21 OECD Other Income?
Article 21 is a backup clause in favour of the country of residence for income that is not covered by the previous barrier provisions.
“Items of income of a resident of a Contracting State, wherever arising, which are not dealt with in the foregoing articles may only be taxed in said State.” This article includes, for example, social security benefits, lottery wins, alimonies or gains from financial innovations.
Most important is the article for so‐called third‐state income. Third‐state income is the name given to income earned outside the territories of both Contracting States. The barrier provisions mainly refer to the situation whereby a person residing in one Contracting State earns income from the other Contracting State. Article 21 also applies to income whose source is in third states (“wherever arising”).
Article 21, para. 2 once again postulates the permanent establishment proviso: Other income other than that arising from immovable property and which belongs to a permanent establishment in another Contracting State may be taxed by that other Contracting State.
Immovable property is not included in the scope of para. 2. This gives rise to the primacy of the situs principle over the permanent establishment principle.
What are the main findings of Articel 22 OECD Capital?
Article 22 regulates the taxation rights concerning capital.
Income not only from capital but also the capital itself can be subject to taxation.
The following essentially applies: Whoever has the taxation right or the income from the capital may also tax the capital itself. Since property taxes no longer exist in Germany, this article is purely theoretical
—> Nichtmal gut zu wissen weil sowieso nur theoretisch!
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