Complications

Chronic respiratory failure

• Long-standing partial respiratory failure (pO2 at rest < 60 mm Hg)

• Global respiratory insufficiency failure (pO2 changes at rest < 60 mm Hg and pCO2 > 45 mm Hg)

• Occurs in advanced COPD due to progressive emphysematous changes and loss of diffusion surface area

Acute exacerbation of COPD

Cor pulmonale (right heart failure)

Secondary spontaneous pneumothorax due to rupture of bullae (especially in bullous emphysema)

40–70% of all COPD patients survive the first 5 years after diagnosis.

Survival rates vary significantly depending on the severity of the disease.

Measures that improve survival

• Cessation of tobacco use

• Long-term oxygen therapy is the only treatment that improves mortality.

COPD is the third most common cause of death worldwide.