HPL

20.000ft: 30min

25.000ft: 2-3min

30.000ft: 1-2min

35.000ft: 30-90sec

40.000ft: 15-20sec

250 mg / day

UV

Brechreiz

non verbal part of communication

Zusammenhalt

learn to do the right thing because of a specific stimuli

Reaction Threshold: 7000ft

Disturbance Threshold: 10 - 12.000ft

Cirtical Threshold: 22000ft

informed culture:

• collects, analyses relevant data nd actively disseminates saftey information

  
  

Reporting culture

• people are prepared to report their errors and near misses

  
  

Learning Culture

• willingness and competence to draw the right conclusions from its safety information system and the will ti implement major reform

• processes and procedures must be adjuested to detect threats and errors

Jsut culture:

• an atmosphere where errors and unsafe acts will not be punished if the error was unintentional. However, those who cat reckelssly or take deliberate / unjustifable risks will still be subject to disciplinary action

Flexible culture

• a culture in which an organisation is able to reconfigure themselve in the face of certain kinds of risks

Punitive culture

• person gets fired as punishemnt

Closed culture

• captain just “yells” but no futher consequence

• application of procedures

• communication

• aircraft flight path management, automation

• aircraft flight path management, manual control

• leadership and teamwork

• problem-soving and decision-making

• situaiton awareness

• workload management

systolic -> system -> wenns läuft

diastolic -> ruhe

Druck in der Atterie

above 140/90 hypertension

.. the day only

.. can kill someone quickly

Sauerstoffmangel

• hypoxic hypoxia:

  occurs when flying at high altiutdes

• anaemic hypoxia Tobi medic

  sufficient partial pressure but red blood ells cannot tranposrt oxygen because of lack of haemoglibn

  -> result of carbon monoxide poisoning

• cytoxic hypoxia

  tissues are unably to metabolize the oxygen -> Stoffwechsel

  typical for excessive intake of drugs / alcohol

• reaction phase: 7000ft

  altitude at which even a healthy person may start to experience hypoxia. One of the first things -> night vision deteriorating

• disturbance phase: 10.000 - 12.000

  compensatory mechanisms not strong enough anymore to ensure full operation

• ciritcal threshold: 22.000

  no diffusion of oxygen anymore

automatically tinting

scotopic: vision through the rods -> b/w > low light

photopic: cones -> daylight

wie foto

nothing to focus on, so the eye focus on one meter ahead of the aircraft

a healthy heart with a normal cardiac output pumps about 5 to 6 litres of blood every minute when a person is resting.

Explicit:

• semantic memory:

  stores contious general knowledge of facts

• episodic

  stores personal experiences and events from a person’s life

Implicit memory:

• procedural memory

  stores procedures and skills

• motor programmes

lapse:

gar nicht machen; Fehltritt; error of omission

-> error committed in light of automated routine tasks not carried out at all

lap gar nicht laufen -> task not executed

slip

the intended appropriate action is incorrectly carreid out carried out wrongly

slip -> ausrutschen und was überspringen -> incorrectly executed

beides skill based errors

rule based error

error which commited intentionally while being fully aware of it

knowledge based error

error commited because of not being fully aware of all the facts

error commited intentionally while being fully aware of it

the action satisfies the operator’s intent but the intent itself was wrong -> application of a rule that does not fit the situation

reason for the error

• within the person internal

• outside the person: external

saftey management system

word assurance ensures you select the right option

objects appear closer than they are in reality because the colours are stronger and with more contrast

• tendency to execute skills autonomously where they are frequently used, as well as transfer them to a similiar environment even if it is inappropriate to do so

• when overwhelmed by workload, pilots may revert to a reactive mode of operation and revert to the basics first learned for a specific task

threats: bedroht werden kann man nur von außen

• events including errors commtied by other people that occur beyond the influence of the flight crew

• have to dealt with in real time

  • environmental threats

  • organisational thresats

Errors: Fehler kann man selber begehen

• action or inaction of the flight crew

  • aircraft handling

  • procedural errors

    • wrong checklist

    • omitted callouts etc

  • communication

    • not replying to ATC call

undesired aircraft state

• flight crew induced an aircraft state that leads to a reduction in saftey

• saftey policy

• safety risk management

• safety assurance

• safety promotion

applying a rule not appropriate to the situation

Cholera and dysentery

cholera found in local food/water with faeces (Kot)

man könnte kotzen wenn man das falsche isst

40.000ft

somatogravic illusion

interpersonal:

• a conflict between two or more people

• 
  

intrapersonal:

• a conflict with oneself

• … the other person is not part of this conflict

• environmental factos

  • come from the surroundings. make the concentration more difficult

• physiological factors

  • sleep loss, hunger

• motives/motivation

  • motives are the desire for a certain ovject or evet arising from the corrent situation.

• task factors

  • frequency and intensity of signals. the mire intense a stimulus is, the easier will it attract attention

• environmental stressor

  environmental conditions, noise, vibrations etc

• physiological stressors

  fatigue, lack of phyiscal fitness

• psychological/emotional stress

  interpersonal conflicts, divorce etc

• domestic stressor

  social stressors, econcomic stressor (no money), environmental stressor (no ac)

• occupational stressor

  strict policies and protocols implemented by organization restriced possiblities for professional growth

• active errors:

  commited by those people who are directly invovled in flight ops -> consequences felt immediately

• latent erros

coaction:

every crewmember is doing what he or she perceives as being his / her task at the moment, unaware of what others are doing

cooperation:

every person is responsible for performing his/her duties as stated in the company’s SOP and informs the other crewmember about his/her actions and their respective results to provide reundancy -> coordinated common activity

• occurs when the flight crew believed the automation is in a mode different than the one actually

• pilots are out of scoop which mode is activated -> lack of attention, rely on automation too much

planning countermeasures:

essential for managing anticipated and unexpeceted threats

• SOP s

• workload assignment

execution countermeasures

essential for error detection and error response

• monitor and crosscheck

• workload management

review countermeasures

• essential for managing the changing conditions of a flight

• evaluation of modificaiton of plans

15 to 20 cycles a minute

monocular depth cues

• depth cues that only require one eye

  • distance of objects

  • texture gradient

  • interposition (one infront of another)

  • linear perspective (linear lines converging)

  • height in plane (further away -> higher)

  • light and shadow

binocular depth cues

• binocular disposition

  • large disposition between eyes when objects are close

• convergence (wie stark Augen zusammen gehen um sich auf ein nahes Objekt zu fokussieren)

when gas becomes trapped in various body cavities such as:

• middle ear

• sinuses

• intestines and teeth

0.1 - 0.15 promille pro h

divided attention

• alternative management of several matters of interest at (almost) the same time

  • monitoring progress of a motor program

  • making a radio call

selective attention

• one gives greater attention to one or more sources of input out of several

• needed because resources are limited

• Alarm phase

  body prepares itself for physical / mental activity

  adrenaline

  • increased arousal level

  • increase in heart rate, respiration and release of glucose

  • a decresase in stress resistance

  • fight or flight response aber in frage reistance

• Resistance phase

  converts the energy reserves of the organism (fat) to continue to cope with the situation cortesol

  • activation of digestive system

• exhaustion phase

  body takes time to eliminate the waste products from the previous phases

skill based behaviour:

• stored motor programms and routines

• errors:

  • action slip: incorrect actions for a specified situation

  • environmental capture: associating a specific action to the same environment (landing w/o landing gear)

Rule based behaviour

• using a checklist

• using the wrong procedure

knowledge based behaviour

SOPs skill based and rule based behaviour

• hard countermeasures (systemic based)

  • legislative control (ICAO)

  • system design (TCAS, GPWS)

  • procedures & practices (checklists etc.)

  • crew training etc.

• soft countermeasures are based on actions / attitudes of the crew

  • planning countermeasures

    • briefings etc

  • execution countermeasures

    • monitor

    • cross checks

    • workload management

  • review countermeasures

    • renewing and modifying existing plans

hier Bewegungserkennung etc.

• different perception to reality

• kinaesthetic:

  
  

… gradual loss of hearing that occurs wwhen getting older

30 to 50 beats per minute

die kleinen Knochen, die den Schall weiter transportieren

increased pressure within the eye

Speichellfuss

Blässe

vertigo:

sensation of dizziness / tumbling sensation caused by contractory impulses to the CNS

coriolis illusion:

-> can cause an intense unpleasant sensation of rotation

cognitive phase

thinks constantly about what he is doing

associative phase

individual gians experience and integrats the separate components to action

automatic phase

the individual has developed skills that can be executed at an unconscious level

• wenn ich aufn Berg gehe bin ich high -> runway is high at the end -> fühl mich höher als ich bin

• wenn alles blöd ist fühl ich mich low

-> in beiden Fällen nur ein Gefühl

accountability: management

responsibility: individual

tooth pain

comes from insects

• cornea most responsible for refraction

• iris / pupil

• lens

• retina

always occurs when there is a transmission problem of the sound waves in the ear canal to the cochlea

• damage to the ossicles

• obstruction in the outer ear

• rupturesd tympnic membrane

only accepable means when near sighted

30

fovea

Diabetes Typ 1

• autoimmun diesase -> immune system destroys all cells which normally produce insulin

• increases level of sugar in the blood

Diabetes 2

• insulin resistance

• sugar level rises in blood because cells are resistant to insulin and no sugar is tehrefor transfered into the cells

  • family histiry

  • obesity

  • low level of fitness / physical activity

• symptom: unexplained weight loss

stores the information in the moment

anti authority

dont tell me

impulsitvity

do it quickly

invulnerability

it wont happen to me

macho

i can do it

resignation

whats the use ?

complacancy

sich anpassend

Detect

Estimate estimate the need to counter or react

Choose the descision maker chooses a desirable outcome

Identify identify actions

Do ausführen

Evaluate the effects of the aciton

non specific response of the body to demands placed on a person

hyperventilation

lack of accomodation of the lense

only at night

10 seconds

equal to the amount of background radiation

5

1. Light sleep

2. early sleep

3. orhodox sleep refreshs the body

4. r

5. Paradoxial sleep (REM sleep) refreshs the brain

Symptoms

• the bends -> bubbles in the large joints

• creeps -> bubbles under the skin

• chockes: shortness of breath, pain in the lungs

• gerneral reduction in performance

• inability to sleep

• increase in physiological and mental health problems

relating to the ear

Heart attack myocardial infacrtion

-> total blockage of the coronary atery leading to the death of a piece of heart muscle

Stroke Schlaganfall

-> blood supply for a certain part of the brain is cut off

person is unable to retreive data that was saved before a certain event

-> loss of episodic memory and semantic

demenz

phenomenon that occurs within a group of people in which individual members display extreme conformity with the group, resulting in false agreements

blaue Verfärbung

Alpha - piece of paper

Beta - alluminum or more paper

Gamma - more fracitons

focusing on one specific aspect only

Beschleunigung: otholits utricle and saccule

angular: semicircular canals

• flu like symptoms but no high temperature

• headaches, dizziness nausea

to reduce emotional stress and physiological stressors: cognitve coping

to reduce psychological and physiological stressors: problem focused

cicardian rythm: when there are no external clues -> all body funcitons are controlled by the circardian rhythm -> duration of one day appr.

-> the length of the circadian rythm is modified by the internal clock to match the actual length of the day

• error prevention

• error reduction

• error detection

• error recovery

• error tollerance

PRDTR predator

heart rate x stroke volume

10 to 15

crew to external

• missed calls etc

pilot to pilot

• within crew: miscommunication etc

wenn Höhen etc. internally im Cockpit nicht gecalled werden: procedural error

hydraulic fluid

anti ice fluid

Vitamin A

execution: Pilot monitoring macht die Einstellung pilot flying merkt dass es falsch ist

review: pilot flying macht die inputs; pilot monitoring merkt den fehler

100mSv