List systemic conditions for female infertility.
Thyroid disorders
Diabetes mellitus
Hypertension
Obesity
Cushing syndrome
Chronic diseases (e.g., hepatic or renal)
List ovary-related causes for female infertility.
Menstrual cycle abnormalities (e.g., functional hypothalamic amenorrhea)
Hyperprolactinemia
Premature ovarian failure
Pituitary adenoma
Diminished ovarian reserve
A decline in functioning oocytes (either reduced number or impaired development)
A normal consequence of age, but can also be caused by an underlying disorder (e.g., endometriosis)
Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism
PCOS
List tubal/pelvic causes for female infertility.
PID
Endometriosis
Fallopian tube adhesions and/or obstruction
Following tubal or pelvic surgery
Following infections: appendicitis, chronic chlamydia infection, acute salpingitis, inflammatory bowel disease
List uterine causes for female infertility.
Anatomical anomalies (see “Anomalies of the female genital tract”)
Septate uterus
Bicornuate uterus
Mayer‑Rokitansky-Kuster‑Hauser syndrome
Uterine leiomyoma
Endometrial polyps
Asherman syndrome
Mostly iatrogenic (scarring, fibrosis, and/or adhesions of the endometrium caused by curettage)
Reduces the sensitivity of the endometrium to progestogens
List cervical causes for female infertility.
Trauma (e.g., following cryotherapy, conization)
Immune factors (e.g., antisperm antibodies in the cervical mucus)
DES exposure in utero
Cervical anomalies (e.g., insufficient cervical mucus production)
List psychiatric causes for female infertility.
Vaginismus
Sexual arousal disorder
List chronic conditions causing male infertility.
Liver cirrhosis
Renal insufficiency
List spern disorders causing male infertility.
Reduced sperm count
Impaired motility
Reduced ejaculate volume
List testicular causes of male infertility.
Scrotal injuries
Testicular torsion
Infections (e.g., mumps, gonorrhea)
Scrotal hyperthermia (varicocele)
Cryptorchidism
List medications causing male infertility.
Anabolic steroids
Spironolactone
Corticosteroids
Cimetidine
List endocrine causes of male infertility.
Pituitary and hypothalamic tumors (e.g., pituitary macroadenomas, craniopharyngiomas)
21–hydroxylase deficiency
List inherited causes of male infertility.
Klinefelter syndrome
Kallmann syndrome
Often associated with structural/developmental abnormalities: cryptorchidism, cleft palate, scoliosis, renal agenesis
Characterized by delayed onset of puberty and hyposmia/anosmia
More common in men
Idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism
Y chromosome microdeletion
Describe sexual dysfunction as a cause for male infertility.
Impaired libido
Anejaculation
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