definitions

• haeckel: Study of the „relation of the animal both to its

  organic as well as its inorganic environment.”

• Krebs: The scientific study of the

  interactions that determine the distribution and

  abundance of organisms

• Ecophysiology (aut-ecology): individual organisms

  • bsp: how is shell formation coping with low pH values in the Baltic (“ocean acidification“)?

• Population Ecology: population(s)

  • what determines reproductive success, and how do larvae disperse and survive?

• Community Ecology: biological communities= interacting species at a location

  • how competitive is Mytilus spp. towards other sessile species? What other species are facilitated by the presence of mussel beds?

• Ecosystem Ecology: entire ecosystem including matter and energy fluxes

  • which species in the Batlic Sea rely on mussels as key winter food?

• Biogeochemistry: the entire earth as ecosystem incl. Marine chemistry, geology, sedimentology

  • how is matter flux to the sediment altered by calcifying species? Are they a source or a sink of carbon dioxide?

several reproductive events throughout the lifetime of the

species (majority of invertebrates, macroalgae, marine vertebrates)

only one reproductive even, then death, terminal

investment (some salmon, cephalopods), often >20% weight gainds

number of sperms preduced (in demographic sense) not directly same as fertility

growth /survival determined by abiotic factors

& resource availability

growth /survival determined by abiotic factors and

biological interactions

Hypothesis-driven, experimental approach to explaining community composition

Related to the concept of biocoenosis (Karl Möbius, 1877)

► co-occurring species at a location (the habitat), which are intracting with

one another (his model was an oyster reef)

—> focus of study is mostly structure composition and species interactions

energy and matter fluxes

species such as Enteromorpha, Ulva have high maximal growth rate μmax (or

rmax ) and are hence able to outgrow more thrifty species under resource rich =

nutrient rich = eutrophicated conditions

disproportional high influence on structure

intraspecific competition:

• speciation by competitive avoidance

• but if only one food source: one is outcompeting the other

= foundation species: f.e. sargassum is pelagic species but mostly benthic species, f.e. wale carcasses

interactions between dead and living organisms

• 1880 - Camerano

  • web of interactions between Coleoptera, enemies of Coleoptera,and enemies of those enemies

• 1942 Lindemann

  • generalized diagram of food cycle relationships

• 1959 Hutchinson

  • central role of energy in food chains, available habitat, community stability and how all this relates to the maintenance of biodiversity

pathway for returning

DOC to the “grazing food

chain” via bacterial uptake

Food web

feeding on same trophic level but different species (not omnivore)

feeding interaction between two consumers that share the same resource species

energy needed to keep organism alive / gonad tissue alive

are the most

important tight junction proteins in

vertebrates, pairs contact each other

from adjacent cells and form a barrier.

Transport in between cells

sodium proton exchanger

(uses the sodium gradient provided by Na,K ATPase)

Sodium, Potassium ATPase

(transports sodium out of the cell, needs ATP to function)

natural, multi-factorial: light, temperature, biotic factors

artificial: one factor, i.e. temperature

physiological features of a given genotype can be flexible,

can be regulated in response to outside stimuli such as abiotic stress

different genotypes can evolve, e.g. with mutations in DNA that

produce a fitness advantage

is the study of the

genetic composition of natural populations

and its evolutionary causes and

consequences.

is the study of

the genetic basis of phenotypic

variation and how phenotypic changes

evolve over time.

the change over time in the genetic composition of a population. 1951,

Theodosius Dobzhansky

phenotypes are determined by discrete units

(genes) that are inherited intact and unchanged

through generations:

any location in the genome: gene, single basepair, microsatellite….

the variants at a locus (polymorphic when more than one)

frequenzy: nr pf small a divided by number of all a

set of alleles possessed by an individual (at one locus or several loci) —> AA, aa, Aa

frequenzy: number of genotype divided by total nr of all genotypes

an organism's observable attribute (morphological, developmental, biochemical, physiological, behavioral, ...)

• any measurable aspect of an organism

• discrete versus awuantitative traits

a mature haploid male or female germ cell which is able to unite with another of the opposite sex in sexual reproduction to form a zygote.

The number of individuals that would produce the same amount of drift as the observed population

1. variation in the relative frequency of different genotypes in a small population, owing to the chance disappearance of particular genes as individuals die or do not reproduce.

2. = change in allel frequency

• Differential survival and reproduction among genotypes

• Goes back to Darwin (1859)

act on relative fitness

• The average number of offspring of a given type per parent of the given type.

The average contribution to the offspring genera<on rela<ve to the contribution of

another type.

1. pop size

2. Ne (effect pop size)

3. strength of selection

   
   

genetic variance + environmental variance

VP = VG + Ve

The propor3on of total phenotypic variance due to genetic effects

• important: if we know then we can predict responses to selection

• allele frequenzy difference between populations

• degree to which random mating (HW) expectations for frequencies of heterizygots are not met

is the acceleration of naturally occurring evolutionary processes to enhance certain traits (climate resilience related)

• bsp chicken

is the movement of alleles from one population to

another

recource capture, biomass production, decomposition, nutrient recycling

Definition: ‚the living together of differently named organisms‘ (de Bary, 1879)

• Beneficial: At least one partner benefits from the other

• Commensal: The partners share physical space, no evidence for benefit or detriment

• Pathogenic: One partner benefits to the detriment of the other

< 0.1mm

• Bacteria & Archaea ~ prokaryotes; no nucleus, no

organelle

• Eukaryotes: have nucleus, and cell organelles

(mitochondrium, chloroplast)

• comprise the three domains of life: bacteria,

archaea, eukarya

• Photoautotrophs (oxygenic phototrophs):

• Aerobic Anoxygenic Phototrophs (AAP):

• Heterotrophs:

• mixotrophs

• chemolithoautotgrophs

use organic carbon as food

source

switch between auto- and

heterotrophy.

Biological

conversion of a 1 carbon molecule (CO2 or

CH4) into biomass using the oxidation of

inorganic molecules (=electron donors) as a

source of energy. Thaumarchaeota

use

sunlight for the conversion of atmospheric CO2

into an organic carbon product that sustains the

aquatic food web; the oxygen produced allows

respiration to occur in the ocean. Cyanobacteria.

can use

both, organic and inorganic electron donors for

the light-dependent fixation of CO2 without

generating oxygen. Bacteriochlorophyll (BChl).

Proteobacteria, Chlorobi, Chloroflexi, Firmicutes,

Acidobacteria, Gemmatimonadetes.

organisms tend to grow in high organic substrate conditions.

1 Da = 1/12 of the mass of a

free 12C isotope (~ 1.66 ×10^-27kg)

any enzyme found outside or on the outer surface of a cell

any enzyme secreted by a cell into the extracellular medium (lysis) (detached, not on cell )

Ubiquitin is a polypeptide that occurs ubiquitously in nucleated cells and serves to degrade proteins (proteolysis) in the cell. Ubiquitin marks the proteins to be degraded at the proteasome.

species that do not necessary

cause any impact

NIS which cause significant

ecological, economical or

health impact

• pathways: the route between the source

  region of a NIS and its location

  of release (bsp: route)

• vector: the manner in which species

  are carried along a pathway (bsp: ship)

Marine protected areas (MPAs) are

geographically distinct zones for which

protection objectives are set

They

constitute a globally connected

system for safeguarding biodiversity

and maintaining marine ecosystem

health and the supply of ecosystem

services

reserves form a subset of

MPAs in which impacts from human

activities such as resource extraction

and fisheries are not permitted

Networks of MPAs or marine

reserves operate together at various

scales and cover a range of

protection levels, which work towards

objectives that individual MPAs

cannot achieve

ffocus on

conserving species

protecting

habitats, eco/bioregions or

communities/species assemblages

Habitat forming species (e.g. mangroves

and seagrasses), which can undergo

regime shifts

-

Unusual geological features with

complex structure such as seamounts

and underwater canyons

are zones where

conditions are not changing or

changing only slowly

Facilitating the

ability of different species to adapt and

evolve, or shift their distribution

Connectivity via source reefs exporting

larvae to nearby habitats and stepping

stones, small habitat patches that may

facilitate longer distance dispersal (an

aspect to test for offshore windfarms)

the speed and direction

that a species at a given point in space

would need to move to remain within its

climatic niche (Loarie et al . 2009

he action of reducing the severity, seriousness, or painfulness of something.

"the identification and mitigation of pollution"

• interference competition: hermit crabs fighting for shells

• apparent competition: indirect competing (both prey for a predator)

protein cetention efficiency

• protein growth and protein production

• cephalopods: high pbs and 90% brought into body (low degradation) —> cost of pbs: 35-51

• cod high degradation (40% used) —> cost of pbs: 24-42%

—> high pbs but same protein content = increasing protein turnover rate (stressed due to acidification, warming etc)

temp. > 99.5% of mean

• increased in intensity and duration

• warmung by 3°C will likely shift returns periods of MHW by 1-3 magnitudes