Film (Film Stock, Film Strip)
•made of plastic, covered with chemicals
•raw, unexposed footage–still photographs are registered
sprocket (holes)
on the side of a film strip
shutter
rotates constantly
Exposure
adjustment of the camera mechanism in order to control how much light strikes each frame of film passing through the aperture
Intermittent mechanism
rotation of the shutter and exposure combined create the frames
Frames
series of single frames; when projected onto a screen in quick succession, an illusion of movement is created
“The Frame”
Individual rectangular photographs on a strip of motion picture film
Frame Rate (FPS)
Frames per second –speed of shutter/length of exposure
•16 fps for silent films, 24 fps for modern films
Film Gauge (MM)
Refers to the size (width) of frames
Standard: 35mm
Series Photography (Muybridge)
“The horse in motion”, 1878
•1sttime motion was captured spontaneously and simultaneously as it happened
Kinetograph
Invented in 1890-91
•Motion picture camera with rapid intermittent film movement
Kinetoscope (Parlors) / Individual Exhibition
Exhibition device
designed to be viewed individually in parlours
the black maria
edisons film production studio in New jersey
Cinematograph
Early motion picture camera developed in the late 19th century
its a camera and a projector in one
it establishes 16 fps for silent films
it has an intermittent mechanism : it operates by using hand crack
it allows outdoor shooting
Nickelodeon
it was the first indoor exhibition space for showing pictures in the US, Columbia, SOuth Carolina
they charged 5- cents for admission
Nickel- 5 cent coin, odeon - roofes over theatre its greek
“Latham Loop”
•Distributes the film as it moves through the camera with the help of two wheels
•Weight and tension areredistributed; film doesn’t break as often
shot
the basic element of filmmaking – a piece of film run through the camera, exposed and developed; an uninterrupted run of the camera; or an uninterrupted image on film
scene
A unit of dramatic action that takes places in one location during a single time period
a section of motion picture in a single location & continious time made up of a series of shots, which are each a set of continious frames from individual cameras from varging angels
cut (hard cut)
he simplest form of transition from one shot to another; in filmmaking (as opposed to video), the first shot is literally cut with a blade and taped to the second shot, which has been similarly trimmed
editing / cutting
The process of splicing one shot to another; synonymous with cutting
“In-camera” (Editing, Effects, Matting)
•Melies; created with a Cinematograph-like camera/hand crank
•Hard cut?•Double exposure / multiple exposure
•Stop trick: appearance, disappearance and transformation
•Dissolve: a transition from one shot to another in which the first shot fades outwhile the second shot fades in, creating a superimpositionat the midway point
shot vs. scene
Shot: series of frames that runs for an uninterrupted period of time
•Scene: a section of motion picturein a single location and continuous time made up of a series of shots which are each a set of continuous frames from individual cameras from varying angles
cross-cutting
editing the alternates shots of two or more lines of action occurring in different places, usually simultaneously
•A technique of spatial discontinuity
•Achieved by cutting back and forth between shots of spatially unrelated spaces
•Viewer will understand clearly that the spaces are supposed to be separate and parallel
“In-Camera” Matting
•Example: The great train robbery
•Double exposure, covering up a part that is not supposed to be seen
180 sytsem/ rule
Its a filmmaking guideline for spatial relations between 2 characters on screen. It sets an imaginary axis (axis of action) between 2 characters or a character and an object. By keeping the camera on one side of the axis, the characters maintain the same left/ right relationship to each other, keeping the space of the scene orderly and easy to follow. Following the rule will establish orientation, Breaking it will disorient and signal unease.
shot / reverse (editing, pattern)
an editing technique that records the interaction between 2 characters, usually a conversation, who are facing one another with one series of shots often taken over the shoulder of one character and another series of shots taken over the shoulder of the other character.
Note the so-called reverse shot is not actually taken from the truly opposite angle, bc. such an angle would violate the 180 system.
•Cutting back and forth between two ends of the axiswhile two characters are having a conversation
•Viewer assumes they are looking at each other
eyeline match(ing)
•Joining shots using a character’s viewas a way of how shots are linked•Includes eyes
•Doesn’t matter if the object or person is in the frameof shot or not
•Glance-object match: character looking at an object specifically (more specific term
establishing shot
a shot, usually involving a distant framing, that shows the spatial relations among the important figures, objects and setting in a scene.
o establishes the space of a scene and the context; appears at the beginning of a scene
o Also establishes the axis of action for 180° rule
exterior establishing shot: gives longer geographicalcontextx
reestablishing shot
a return to a view of an entire space after a series of closer shots following the establishing shot
o usually at the end of a scene,reconfirms the context and space of a scene
o comforts the viewer
o signals end of a scene
match on action
•combining two or more shots in terms of action; an action is shownin at least two perspectives
•typical process: action begins in 1stshot –hard cut –same action will continue in another shot
extreme long shot
•camera is extremely far away from whatis being shot
•subject often takes up a very small space of the frame
•subject seems very small compared to its surroundings
long shot / full shot (not Long take)
•camera is far awayfrom what is being shot
•we can see the character’s full body
•can be usedto make the character feel small and isolated
•or can simply be a way to fit more subjects in the frame
medium long shot (three-quarter shot)
•frames a character around the knees and up
•used for capturing emotionand bodylanguage, framing multiple subjects and to show character and setting
medium shot
a framing in which the scale of the object is of moderate size; a human figure seen from waist up would fill most of the screen
•medium distance from the subject, more neutral than other shot distances
•shows characters in a way like how we interact with people
•typical composition:above waist, but below chest to above head
•often used for dialogue scenes, but also depict body languageand more of the setting
medium close-up
•frames subject from just above their head down to midwayon their torso
•used for a ‘neutral’shot option within standard coverage
•background around the subject is included
•often used when a scene needs to be covered with standard coverage,so it does not shock the viewer
-> a shot taken from a distance that reveals the human body from the head to just below the knees!
close-up
a framing in which the scale of the object shown is relatively large, most commonly a persons head seen from the neck up; or an object of a comparable size that fills most of the screen
•typically frames a character’s face or an object for detail
•intended to show greater detail to the viewer
•used to generate strong emotions, signal something important, show facial expressions
extreme close-up
•frames a subjectin a specific isolated area
•to communicate tiny but importantdetails
•great tool for emphasis;very dramati
eye-level-shot / straight- on angle
• a shot taken from the height of an average human being, so the camera appears to be looking straight at the characters and/ or objects being filmed
most common camera height: same height as eyes of the characters in frame
•simulates standard human vision and thuspresent visual information through a familiar viewpoint
•dissolvesthe barrierbetweenviewer and story
high-angle shot
•camera looks down on the character/subject from an elevated perspective
•typically used to diminish character
low-angle shot
•camera positionedanywhere below the eye-line, pointing upward
•increase perceived height, make a hero seem powerful
level framing / canted framing
when the camera tilts horizontal and/ or vertically
refraiming
Short panning ortiltingmovements to adjust for the figure’s movement, keeping them onscreen or centered
following shot
Shot with framing that shifts to keep a moving figure onscreen
crane shot
Change in framing accomplished by placing the camera above the subject and moving through the air in any direction
moving shot
Simplest way of moving a camera: place it on a moving object
hand-held camera / shot
•From the 1960s onward: camera operatorcould carry camera while filming(hand-held camera)
•Used as a convention of realism: jerkiness of hand-held shots suggest anunmediated reality, a lack of intervention between camera and subject
steadicam (shot)
•Apparatus which fits onto a camera operator’s body (via a vest): camera is mounted on this vest
•Effect:very smooth movement (opposed to hand-held camera’s shakiness
tracking shot
•Also called “dolly (shot)”(noun and verb)
•Mobile framing shotin which the camera moves forward, backward or laterally
•To follow an object or person
zoom in, zoom out
•Impression of movement (achieved througha kind of lens): camera itself does not move
•Shifting focal lengthof the lens to telephoto or from telephoto to wide angle
•Zoom lenses are also known as varifocal lenses
•Telephoto range: make space seem flatter
oZoomin: increasing lack of depth owing to the shiftfrom wide-angle range to telephoto range
•Wide-angle range: enhances sense of depth
oZoom out: begins in telephoto range and ends in wide-angle
pan and tilt
•Camera itself is stationary
•Like moving your head but not your body–mobile framing
•reveals more space without itself moving from its fixedposition on the ground
pan: pivots on its vertical axis from side to sode (SHort for panorama)
tilt: tilts up and down (horizontal axis)
stop trick
achieved by stopping the camera, things get changed around but some stay as they are, the camera starts moving again
with this appearance, disappeareance or transition is achieved
describe 1 type of shot tansition seen in the films of melies and expaim how its crated
one type is dissolve: shot 1 fades out while shot 2 fades in the middle of a dissolve both images are visible. He could achieve it by filming shot 1 a little longer, then rewinding the handcrack and the shooting shot 2 onto shot 1. Thus he used double exposure to achieve this kind of shot transition
Fade-in
a dark screen that gradually brightens as a shot appears
fade out
a shot gradually disappears as the screen darkens. occasionally, fade-outs brighten to pure white or to a color
double exposure / multiple exposure
Double exposure is a technique that combines two different exposures or images that are layered on top of each other. The image overlaid is less than full opacity so a bit of both images can be seen producing an almost ghost-like image.
A similar technique, called a “multiple exposure,” is when you combine more than two exposures in a single image.
superimposition
the exposure of more than one image on the same film strip or in the same shot
glance- object match
an eye-line match that occurs between a human being and the object he or she is supposed to be lookingat; for example: a woman looks offscreen left in the first shot, and the second shot is of a ringing telephone
editing the alternates shots of two or more lines of action occuring in differnet places, usually simultaneously
push in , pull/push out (noun/verb)
A push in shot is sometimes also referred to as a zoom in shot. The camera physically moves towards the subject in the film, getting closer to them and tightening in on the subject and the scene. This can also be done with certain lenses instead of moving the camera.
A push out shot is also called a pull back shot or a zoom out shot. The camera physically moves back, or a special lens does, from the subject. The push out is used to reveal a larger picture for the audience.
dolly shot / dolly (noun and verb)
The term dolly refers to a wheeled cart, usually one that runs on rail tracks. A dolly shot refers to the camera movement when a camera is mounted on a dolly. In a dolly shot, the camera moves towards, away from, or alongside your subject, which can be an actor, location setting, product, etc. Because the camera dolly is mounted on rail tracks the movement is smooth and controlled – almost as if the camera is floating.
dolly
a camera support with wheels, used in making tracking shots
tilt
a camera movement achieved by pivoting the camera on a vertical axis, or up and down, with the camera remaining stationary on the ground, for example, a tilt could begin with the ground floor of a skyscraper and end with the top of the building
pan
a camera movement achived by pivoting the camera on its horizontal axis, or from side to side; for example, a pan might begin with the left field bleachers at a baseball park and move horizontaally to the left, taking the cheering crows, until it gets to the press box to the right of home plate
What is the intended effefct of the 180 system/ rule, and how is it achieved?
The intended effect of the 180 rule is that it should create a visual consistency of linear space. Moreover it is used to make a scene seem more natural and more like a real-life movement. By imaging a line so-called axis of action this effect can be created. It is important that all camereas are only on one side of the axis of action. In this area, the cameras can be placed anywhere.
Describe one type of shot transition seen in the films of Melies, and explain how Melies created this
One type of shot transition by Melies is the ‘Dissolve’. During the transition one shot fades out while the next one fades in. During the dissolve both pictures can be seen.
The first perosn credited eith the first exhibition inviding projection
The Lumiers brother with the Cinematogrpah (camera & projector in one)
A shit depicting a person from the waist up
Its called a medium shot
A vertical camera movement achieved by changing the angel (and not by physically moving the camera up and down)
The camera movement is called tilting. The camera is positioned on a tripod
early motion camera developed in the leate 19th century: operated by turning a hand crank
The Cinematograph
AN early special effect allowig for characters or objects to suddenly appear/disappear onscreen from one moment to the next
The effect is calles "`Stop-trick’
The unit used to measure frame rate
Frames per second (FPS)
A shot filmed above the subject
short, subtle camera movements used to keep a moving subject visible on screen, often used in continuity editing
Refraiming
the borders of the cinematic picture
Frame
A horizontal camera movement created by physically mving the camera from left to right
A horizontal tracking shot
A camera technique whereby the focus shifts during the shot itself, typically from foreground to backgroung, e.g. the backgroung comes into focus while the foreground goes out of focus
Zooming in
in general: Zoom out/in
In continuing editing, the editing pattern typically used to depict conversations between characters
shot reverse shot (editing)
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