What are the three aspects of the cell theorie.
All living things are composed of one or more cells.
Cells are organisms’ basic units of structure and function.
Cells come from only existing cells.
Why does cells are limited in growth if they can range size and shape.
Because the surface is increasing slower than the volume, so at one point the surface can’t keep up anymore.
What are the differences between Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes.
Eukaryotes have a nuecleolus, membrane-bound organelles. They are found in animales, plants, alge, fungi and protozora.
What does the cellmembrane.
Separates the inside of the cell from the outside environment
Flexible
Let’s substances in and out (for energy and waste movement)
Called “semi permeable” or “selectively permeable”
Made up of two layers of phospholipids
What is the Cytoplasm.
Gel/liquid type substance inside the cell
Contains water,salts, and organic molecules (containing carbon)
Organelles are found within the cytoplasm
Ribosomes
Most common organelle in a cell
Produces proteins
Free-floating ribosomes produce proteins for the cell
RER ribosomes produce proteins to be used elsewhere in the organism
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Smooth ER (no ribosomes) and rough ER (have ribosomes attached)
Made up of a folded up membrane structure
Helps move molecules throughout the cell by creating transport
Can store proteins for future use
Golgi Apparatus
Works with the ER to transport molecules and looks similar to the ER
Final processing and packaging area
Sends molecules out of the cell via vessicles
Mitochondria
Made up of two membranes. Outer membrane separates organelles from cytoplasm. Inner membrane is called cristae and is folded up to increase surface area. Why? Faster, more points energie production
Have their own DNA and can grow, divide, and fuse with each other.
Creates ATP which is the useable form of energy for cells.
Can be many mitochondria in the same cell. Why? In certain places have more glucose to produce ATP
It is believed that mitochondria used to be their own DNA_cells, but evolved to work together with eukaryotic cells and became one.
Lysosomes
Vesicles that contain digestive enzymes
Enzymes can be used to break down food, kill foreign (ex. bad bacteria), and recycle worn-out parts of the cell.
Interestingly enough, lysosomes form fingers in embryo development!
Microtubules/microfilaments
Act as a supportive skeleton for the cell
Are broken down and rebuilt at times to give support when/where needed
Specialized microtubules help pull apart chromosomes during cell division
Cilia & Flagella
Used for movement purposes - either of the organism or of foreign debris.
Cilia are small and are found in large numbers
Flagella are long and found by themselves or in pairs
Examples: Sperm have flagella. Human respiratory tract has cilia.
Nucleus
“Brain” of the cell. Build DNA/RNA that codes for everything in the organism.
Has a double membrane around it with pores for movement in and out.
Inside the membrane is the nucleoplasm which contains DNA and protein.
Dark spot is called the nucleolus and produces new ribosomes.
Cell Wall
Strong structure which surrounds the cell membrane
Made of cellulose, which is a carbohydrate that we cannot digest (fiber!)
What does fiber do for us? It helps to clean up the digestive tract
Has pores throughout it to allow for movement into and out of the cell
Vacuoles
LARGE storage sacs in plants
Store waste materials and enzymes
Pushes all other organelles up against the cell membrane/wall
Gives extra strength to the cell due to the high pressure pushing against the wall
Plastids
Different functions and different types
Chloroplasts are green and turn solar energy into chemical energy (food)
Chromoplasts can be yellow to red and also create chemical energy
Leucoplasts store food that has been produced for plants
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