Buffl

bacteria

KR
by K R.

listeria monocytogenes

gram +

  • most common type of rod bacteria

  • great impact on human because of high mortality

    -> 70%!!!

  • virulence factors

    -> does not live outside of cells, so not seen by IS (foreces the cells to take them up and can then live, act and replicate without being seen by IS)

    -> does not have to leave cell to infect a next one, but builds extrusion/extension to contact next cell

    => UNIQUE FEATURE

-> IS strictly limited to signals outside of cells:

  • decreased production of MHC-I protein, which will lead to destruction of cell by IS

PROBLEMS:

  • can affect neural cells which cannot be destroyed by IS; and inflammatory process is not effective as bacteria are inside the cells -> inflammation of brain can get very severe; only a few antibiotics for treatment as they have to enter the blood-brain-barrier, and treatment with chemicals within cells always means an affection of the metabolic activity of the cell itself

  • can lead to a sepsis, when at a certain stage let out of cells into intracellular space; and when in the blood, again they can spread to the brain


-> mainly in animal products: raw milk and products made

out of it, therefore heating of milk and no use of raw milk


LIFE CYCLE

1) listeria enter the intestine

2) can penetrate through epithelium

3) then infects the lymphatic cells

4) and then reach the lymph nodes and enter the blood

-> thatwise able to reach organs - mainly liver and spleen -

unseen by IS

-> in spleen able to infect erythrocytes

-> spleen enlargement typical sign for listeria infection

-> most problematic tissue again is the brain tissue


BUT

-> pregnancy:

  • can enter the placental barrier and reach the fetus

  • within the fetal tissue it will destroy nervous system

    -> growth no longer possible and will lead to abortion

    (dead of fetus)

    => no consumption of raw food!!!


mycobacterium tuberculosis



  • “old” bacterium from ancient times (such as myc lepromatosis) which didn’t became an epidemic stage before industrialization in 18th/19zh century -> many people crowded in poor living conditions

  • affected mainly young people (those where working in the industrialization process)

  • found by Robert Koch in 1882

  • requires oxygen to grow -> therefore high affiliation to the lungs!

  • nonmotile

  • divides only every 18-24 hours (therefore primary examination was difficult as cultures were hard to grow over weeks)

  • can easily survive for weeks without water, so still living after days; and transmission still possible!!!

  • quite resistant to desinfectants due to its high developed capsule -> to erase it from surfaces, intense desinfection is needed!

  • can not be identified with gram staining! (due to capsule and the whole strct) -> nowadays, analysis of antibodies (by staining of antibodies, which is available only since the late 20th century)

  • still spreading in a number of countries, and due to high motility (travelling), one can easily catch up the myc tub

  • 95% of carriers are asymptomatic; more than 1/4 of world population carry the myc

  • not a problem with healthy IS -> additional risk factors: malnutrition, poverty, compromised IS

  • BCG vaccination exists, but only 20% decrease of risk, so not a routine anymore

  • onyl human-human transmission, and only with humans, who are in the stage of spreading the bacteria; which is not the case the whole time, but only with sneezing and coughing

    -> prevention of spreading by isolation!

    -> prevention by wearing a mask!

    -> prevention by good, intense desinfection and general hygenic standards




mycobacterium tuberculosis

-> pathology & pathophysiology

different stages (can be identified by x-ray examination):

-> latent infection: only small local activites, incapsulated process within the lungs

-> cavitary tuberculosis: highly infectious because of large cavities being formed due to distruction of lung tissue; bact can spread towards next person

-> miliary tuberculosis: with many little localisations, again not infectious; pure lung affected tuberculosis

=> PRIMARY TUBERCULOSIS

  • around most of the cavities or small spots, a healing fibrosis or calcification is formed, so surrounded by fibrous tissue or CT and can therefore not spread to neighbouring regions

    -> effective tool of body to stop spreading (can be easily seen in xrays), but still living bact within these strcts!!!

-> reactivation is always possible, especially with additional issues, such as a decrease in IS fct (but also malnutrition and other stress factors), might allow the bacteria to reorganise, to leave the organised sheath and to enter the blood system (even after years!) where it can form a bacteriemia; but only 10% develop progressive primary tuberculosis

  • can affect a number of organs:

    -> liver and spleen (mainly)

    -> the joints and the long bones

    -> the adrenal gland; causes hormonological disturbances

    -> can lead to immunological problems

    -> brain with meninges can be affected, too

-> immunological reaction:

1) macrophages in alveoli phagocyte myc tub, but as soon as inside, myc tub forms protein that inhibits interaction of macrophage with lysosome, why myc tub survives

2) a so called CASEATING GRANULOMA with involvement of neutrophil granulocytes -> problem, that bacteria are still alive and proliferate; if not calcified, which means, in this case bacteria are dead


-> two stages of IS system reaction:

  • depending on the stage, we have different antibodies, and therefore one can identify, if it’s active and in a fresh active form, or if it’s chronic

-> complicated, long-lasting treatment


treponema pallidum

-> classical infection

  • first three weeks after infection no symptoms (bacteria needs time to start to grow and to invade in the tissue)

  • primary syphillis -> local signs of skin affection: small lesions at the site where the contact with the other person has occured (sexual organs or e.g. mouth); often no pain, and therefore often overseen

  • primary signs will heal out by themselves; problematic as bacteria continue to live and to replicate in the body

  • silent period of up to 24 weeks

  • secondary syphillis with different signs: often dermal changes such as rash on the skin in various places (sole or back of the foot); accompanied by hepatitis, meningitis or glomerulonephritis

    => signs will heal out themselves, too

    => last longer than during primary syphillis -> longer time frame to recognize

    => if recognized has to be treated to stop further growth of treponema pallidum

    => if not recognized -> latent syphillis

  • latent syphillis can last 3 to 30 yrs; secondary syphillis can repeat; and if IS slows down, tertiary syphillis can occur

  • tertiary syphillis with GUMMA of skin -> more deep inflammatory reaction with destroying of the whole skin; most problematic part:

    => affects a number of organs, mainly the nervous system -> lead to a degeneration of the neurons and mimic of all types of CNS diseases

    • can be more global and appear like parkinson syndrome

    • can appear like tardis dorsalis

    • can appear like general dementia (so it can change the behaviour of the people

    -> in this stage the bacteria are so widely distributed that it becomes difficult to perform effective treatment; and treatment is only stabilizing for no longer loss of fct (but if nervous cells started to degenerate, the degenerated aspects and parts can not be reestablished)


SECONDARY SYPHILLIS

-> mostly identified

-> dermal non-itchy rash

-> mucous lesions (condyloma latum)

-> non-specific symptoms: fever, sore throat, weight loss

-> 4-10 weeks after primary infection

-> symptoms resolve after 3-6 weeks

-> can be proofed serologically by drawing blood!!!


treatment:

at every stage a single dose penicillin injected is sufficient!


prevention:

condoms and abstinence most effective tools


CONGENITAL SYPHILLIS

  • infected women can transduce tre pa towards the fetus

    -> deformations in the face, as saddle nose

    -> changes in the teeth

    -> other symptoms

    => has to be treated, otherwise newborns will suffer from bacteriosis and that shortens their life span


Author

K R.

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