Which of the viruses listed below are non-enveloped ?
(A) HIV-1
(B) Echoviruses
C) Hepatitis A virus
D) Enterovirus 71
E) Measles virus
(F) Respiratory Syncytial virus (RSV)
(G) Mumps virus
(H) Parainfluenza virus
(C) Hepatitis A virus
(D) Enterovirus 71
CHECK!
The RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) is not present in retroviruses, which use reverse transcriptase (RT) to convert their RNA genome into DNA during the replication process. Therefore, retroviruses, such as HIV-1, do not contain RdRp within the virio
Vaccines against viral infections: please mark the correct answer
Parvovirus
Parvoviridae
Die Endung ‚-viridae' ist die Standard-Endung für Virusfamilien.
What are the host cells for papillomavirus replication and where are they located?
epithelial cells (differentiated keratinocytes). They are located in the skin
Please match viruses to corresponding cancer diseases (Attention! Some diseases may not have a match and some diseases may have more than one match.)
(A) Epstein Barr virus (EBV)
(B) Human Immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
(C) Human papilloma virus (HPV)
(D) Hepatitis C Virus (HCV)
(E) Human Herpes virus Type 8 (HHV-8)
1. Kaposi’s Sarcoma
2. Burkitt’s lymphoma
3. Liver Carcinoma
4. Cervix Carci
Adenovirus DNA genomes contain a covalently attached protein at the 5’ end of each DNA strand. This protein functions as:
(A) Transcription factor
(B) Protease
(C) Primer for DNA replication
(D) Integrase
(E) Tumor suppressor
What is the major difference between the v-src oncogene transmitted by the Rous sarcoma virus and the cellular src oncogene?
v-Src is a gene found in Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) that encodes a tyrosine kinase that causes a type of cancer in chickens.
The src gene is oncogenic as it triggers uncontrolled growth in abnormal host cells.
The genomes of influenza viruses and HIV exhibit a high degree of genetic variability.
Please give two reasons for this high variability, which apply for both viruses (two sentences).
high mutation rate of RNA viruses (RNAP does not have proofreading)
Recombination events/reassortment
Please describe briefly the principle of detection of influenza A viruses in a patient sample by ELISA.
Please assign correctly time point of expression to gene products after herpes-viral infection.
(A) Immediate Early
(B) Late
(C) (Delayed)
(1) Structural proteins
(2) Transcription factors
(3) DNA-replicating-proteins
Against which of the following viruses (viral infections) are antivirals available, which belong to the group of nucleoside analogs?
(A) Human papilloma viruses
(B) Human immunodeficiency virus
(C) Poxvirus
(D) Polyoma viruses
(E) Parvo viruses
(F) Herpes simplex virus
(G) Influenza virus
(H) Cytomegalovirus
These agents can be used against hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, herpes simplex, and HIV.
13) Which are the target cells for latent infections with:
(a) Herpes simplex virus
(b) Epstein Barr virus
Name at least one viral product, which can be expressed in these cells during latent infection:
Please assign correctly:
(A) siRNA
(B) anti-sense RNA
(C) Aptamer
(D) Ribozyme
(1) Length 21 bp, 3’-di-nucletide overhang
(2) Small nucleic acid, defined 3-D structure
(3) Fomivirsen, CMV
(4) HDV, hairpin, hammer head
Polyomaviruses
(A) Are enveloped viruses containing E1/E2 hetero-dimers in their lipid membrane
(B) Have a double-stranded circular DNA genome
(C) Possess a multifunctional T-antigen
(D) Have a diameter of 200-500 nm and a pleiomorphic shape and are very sensitive to alcoholic disinfectants
(E) Do not persist in host after primary infection, are effectively cleared by the immune response and have thus no oncogenic potential
(F) Can be effectively inhibited by the use of antiviral substances, mainly entry inhibitors
(G) Produce multiple m-RNAs by alternative splicing
Quasispecies
A quasispecies is a population of similar, not identical genomes.
A viral quasispecies is a population structure of viruses with a large number of variant genomes (related by mutations). Quasispecies result from high mutation rates as mutants arise continually and change in relative frequency as viral replication and selection proceeds
Choose the correct word from the underlined terms
The cap structure at the 5' end of eukaryotic mRNAs is required for initiation of transcription /translation/DNAreplication. The IRES allows initiation of this process ni the absence of the promoter / Cap structure l origin of replication. The IRES is a protein /RNA / DNA structure.
The cap structure at the 5' end of eukaryotic mRNAs is required for initiation of transcription /translation/DNAreplication. The IRES allows initiation of this process in the absence of the promoter / Cap structure l origin of replication. The IRES is a protein /RNA / DNA structure.
Please mark the following statements with true (T) or false (F):
(A) The first Retrovirus discovered was the human immunodeficiency virus
type 1(HIV-1)
(B) The products made by retroviral reverse transcriptases include full-length viral RNA genomes for packaging into virus particles.
(C) The long terminal repeats (LTR) are identical sequences contained at both ends of the retroviral double stranded DNA.
(D) Cleavage of the Gag and Gag-Pol polyproteins by the retroviral protease takes place in immature virus particles released from the host cell. This step is essential for the maturation of the virus particle into an infectious
virion.
(E) Reverse transcription is initiated with DNA primers.
(F)All retroviruses infect only dividing cells.
(a) false
(b) false
C) True
D) true
E) F
F)F
Which statements regarding the genome of picornaviruses (Picornaviridae) are correct?
(A) It consists of double-stranded, covalently closed circular DNA (ccDNA);
(B) it exhibits a 5' cap structure;
C) it exhibits a 5' internal ribosomal entry site;
D) it exhibits a 5' genome linked protein (VPg protein);
E) It consists of single stranded RNA in negative orientation.
which statements regarding Rhabdoviruses are correct?
(A) The Rhabdovirus P-Protein has a crucial role in interferon escape, as polymerase co-factor and nucleoprotein chaperon.
(B) The Rhabdovirus genome is a RNA genome about 2 kb in size and has positive polaritiy.
C) Rhabdovirus particles contain helical ribonucleo-protein (RNP) -complexes.
D) Rhabdovirus genomes contain an open reading frame (ORF) for reverse transcriptase at the 3'-end.
E) Rhabdovirus genomes have 5 (or more) monocistronic genes.
(F) Rhabdovirus genomes have coding sequences for viral structural proteins at the -5' and -3' ends, respectively, and coding sequences for the polymerase in the central region.
G) Rhabdoviruses are not found in plants and insects.
A,C,E
D) RNA-dependend RNA polymerase
Arenaviruses.. correct answers?
D, E
A microplate is coated with an antigen derived from the virus of interest. This antigen is immobilized onto the surface of the wells.
Patient serum, which may contain antibodies specific to the virus, is added to the wells. If present, virus-specific antibodies in the serum will bind to the immobilized viral antigen.
Unbound components are washed away to remove any nonspecific interactions.
A secondary antibody, which is specific to human antibodies and is linked to an enzyme (e.g., horseradish peroxidase or alkaline phosphatase), is added. This secondary antibody recognizes and binds to the antibodies from the patient that are already bound to the viral antigen.
Excess detection antibody is washed away.
A substrate specific for the enzyme is added. The enzyme catalyzes a reaction that produces a measurable color change.
The color change is measured spectrophotometrically. The intensity of the color is proportional to the amount of virus-specific antibodies present in the patient's serum.
A: waterbirds
B: rodents
pol
env region
Gag (Group-Specific Antigen):
Gag encodes structural proteins that are essential for the formation of the viral particle. The major proteins produced from the Gag region include:
Pol (Polymerase):
Pol encodes the viral enzymes involved in replication and processing of the viral genome.
Env (Envelope):
Env encodes the viral envelope glycoproteins involved in the entry of the virus into host cells. The major proteins produced from the Env region include:
Surface glycoprotein (SU): Also known as gp120, this protein is involved in binding to the host cell receptor.
Transmembrane glycoprotein (TM): Also known as gp41, this protein is involved in the fusion of the viral and cellular membranes during entry.
B+ D
parenteral: Gabe von Arzneistoffen oder Nährstoffen durch Injektion, Infusion oder Inhalation in den Blutkreislauf unter Umgehung der enteralen Resorption
mRNA function—> can directly be translated
a) C)
b) D)
c) C)
d) C)
A) B)
A
B
C
D
B + C
B —> C —> D —> A —> E
Tat
RNA
TAR
Exons
Splicing
RNA editing
protection of RNA
compensation negative charge
cell tropism
interaction of proteins
e)
a)
c)
b)
Or rather vertebrates ?
RNA Viren —> keine Prüfmechanismen
a, b, e
a, c, d
poxviridae
*same cell
a9
5’ end
primer transfer
Virion maturation is a process that takes place after separation of the viral infectious particle from host cell by budding or sealing of spherical capsid. It consist in irreversible rearangement and/or cleavage of viral proteins that are activating the virion to be competent for reinfection.
C D
A B D
B , D
A C F
Ribosomal frameshifting
Antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE), sometimes less precisely called immune enhancement or disease enhancement, is a phenomenon in which binding of a virus to suboptimal antibodies enhances its entry into host cells, followed by its replication.[
The suboptimal antibodies can result from natural infection or from vaccination. ADE may cause enhanced respiratory disease, but is not limited to respiratory disease.[3] It has been observed in HIV, RSV virus and Dengue virus and is monitored for in vaccine development.[4]
is an infectious disease of humans caused by a pathogen (an infectious agent, such as a bacterium, virus, parasite or prion) that can jumpfrom a non-human (usually a vertebrate) to a human and vice versa.[1][2][3]
A, C, F
PB1, PB2, PA
Cap snatching
A, D, F
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a unique virus because it replicates its genome through a reverse transcription process. Unlike most DNA viruses, HBV has a partially double-stranded DNA genome that is replicated via an RNA intermediate through the action of a reverse transcriptase enzyme. Here's a brief explanation of why HBV uses reverse transcriptase:
The HBV genome is converted into an RNA intermediate known as pregenomic RNA (pgRNA).
F
C, D
Eher b und c
A, C
D)
A,B,C
a: water birds
b: rodent
B)
Baltimore classification is a system used to classify viruses based on their manner of messenger RNA (mRNA) synthesis.
A, B; D
A, D, E
A, D
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