Tatjana

Blue Water:

portion of rainwater that enters streams and recharges groundwater

Green Water:

portion of rainfall that is stored in the soil and evaporates from it (also transpiration)

Grey Water:

water which has been pollutedd due to production processes, wastewater without fecal contamination

Fossil Water:

groundwater that has accumulated in previous geological periods and is a not renewable recource

Science dealing with the properties, distribution and circulation of water. On surface, below the earth´s surface and in the atmosphere. Including water quality, water quantity and ecology.

Water is not distributed equally in time and space!!!

Oceans

Glaciers

Freshwater (Rivers, Lakes, Reservoirs, Soil Water and Groundwater)

Atmosphere

Water management is the planned development, distribution and use of water recources. It also includes the redistribution of water in time and space!

Natural hydroclimatic conditions: how much water is available in a region (dry or humid?)

Climate oscillations varies intraannually (between seasons) interannually (between years) or over decades and longer periods of time

Rivers do not only stay in one country, they cross the borders!

But nations and states have the habit to treat all of the water within their borders as a national resource!

Can cause conflicts!

Water scarcity exists, when the demand for water exceeds the supply and sustainable limits. It can either be physical or economic.

Water stress is an outcome from water scarcity and refers to scarcity in terms of quality and accessability.

Water security is the ability of a population to have enough access to clean water in order to sustain livelihood, human well-being and socio-economic development.

Also it is the ability to protect against water related desaters, pollution and for preserving ecosystems in a climate of peace and political stability.

Poppulation growth!!!!

2008: 6.6 billion people

2016: 7.4 billion people

2020: 8.0 billion people

Water use and consumption!!!!

Water use= Total amount of water withdrawn from its source to be used.

• Municipal = 10%

• Industry = 20%

• Agriculture = 70%

Water consumption= Is the portion of water use that is not returned to the original water source.

• Municipal = 3%

• Industry = 4% (non consumptive)

• Agriculture = 93% also including livestock (consumptive)

70% of the freshwater withdrawls

1) Fresh water is a finite and vulnerable recource

2) Participatory approach (users, planners and policy makers)

3) Women should be encouraged to play a central part at all levels

4) Recognition of social and economic value of water

…helps with a coordinated development of water, land and related recources in order to maximize economic and social welfare an while protecting vital ecosystems.

“development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of futur generations to meet their own needs”

(World Commission on Environment and Development 1987)

Vitual water represents the amount of water that has been used to produce something and that is virtually embodied in the product.

e.g. Wheat needs 650 l water for 500g

e.g. Beef needs 4650 l water for one steak (300g)

e.g. Cheese needs 2500 l water for one big pice (500g)

Combination of all processes in an ecosystem and how they work together.

Interactions between organisms and the physical environment (e.g. nutrient cycling, soil development,…)

Clean Water and Sanitation

6.A International Cooperation

6.B More Local Participation

6.1 Safe Drinking Water

6.2 Sanitation and Hygene

6.3 Water quality

6.4 Water efficiency

6.5 Integrated WRM

6.6 Water related ecosystems

73 %

2.2 Billion People have no access to safely managed drinking water.

57 %

3.5 Billion people lack a safely managed sanitation

58 %

58 %

World 60%

Germany 40%

6 times more drinkingwater

5 times more sanitation

3 times more hygene

The Integrated management of land and water recources is crucial for sustainable rural development and for ensureing food security for a growing population. It was mentioned that successful integrated land and water management (ILWM) depends on secure land tenure arrangements, broad participation and improved the dissemination of knowledge and good practices.

-> ILWM is a subtype of IWRM with focus on water efficiency in agriculture

-> land and water management in an integrated way to secure water and food security

The green revolution is a fight against hunger due to new technologies in the 1960s in agriculture in developing countries (e.g. high-performance crops, expansion of irrigation, use of synthetic fertalizers and pesticides)

Restults:

• 3 times more food production on a global scale

Without that, 200 million people would hunger !!!!!!!

70%

more than 50 % compared to 2007

Belg rain is a regional rainfall pattern in Ethopia. This rainfall pattern was constant over long time an is known by the eldest. But due to climate change, the experience of the elders is not valid anymore.

-> Transition from rainfed agriculture (tradiotional) to modern irrigated agriculture

• Agriculture is the most important water user on the global scale

• Increasing importance for food production

• Rainfed agriculture is increasingly subject to water stress

  -> new systems with high efficiency needed

The system takes the sustainable use of groundwater recources into account.

• Rate of extraction should not exceed the rate of aquifer recharge

• Supply-side management (How much do we have?)

• Demand-side management (how much do we really need?)

Safe water yield !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

1/2 of the drinkingwater supply worldwide

40 % is used for irrigation

1/3 is used in industry

When the evapotranspiration is higher than the precipitation in order to secure yield and quality of crops.

The superior goal is to avoid drought strees for the plants. But irrigation is also used to distribute fertalizers and for desalination of the soil. Also for groundwater recharge and wastewater treatment.

• Surface (low)

• Sprinkler

• Subsurface

• Micro-irrigation

• Drip irrigation (high)

Pros:

• Low implementation costs

• little technical effort

• Low maintainance costs

Cons:

• High evaporation losses

• levelled fileds necessary

• Low efficiency 40 -70%

• needs alot of work

Pros:

• Less work

• flexible use on any field

• multi purpose irrigation possible (fertilizer and pesticides)

Cons:

• High investment costs

• problems with high wind speed and high temperatures

• Low efficiency 60 -75%

• high evaporation losses due to wind and high temperatures

The objective of the full irigation is the maximum possible yield. However from a certain point the water productivity will decrease. Less is sometimes more !

• Habitat

• Nutrient storrage

• Co2 Storrage -> Impact on climate

• Evaporation -> Cooling

• Water Storrage (Sponge)

• Water filter

• Food production

  
  

It is the volume of water, that can be held against gravity

It is the water content at which most plants wilt irreversibly.

It is the amount of water that is usuable for plants.

Soil degradation is the reduction of the soils ecosystem services up to its complete loss.

It can be consequence of natural or anthropogenic processes. Due to worse growing conditions and a nutrient loss, the yield will be reduced.

• agriculture on steep slopes (problems with heavy rain)

• unculitvated agricultural land (problems with strong wind)

• large parcels without hedges or other structures to interupt flow accumulation

• soil compaction (problems with heavy machinery) (less percolation capacity)

• use of artifical fertilizers and pesticides

• ploughing

• deforestation

• mining

• overgrazing

  
  

• lower agricultural production

• loss of biodiversity

• risk of landslides and floods

• damaged infrastructure

• displacement of people

  
  

It describes the transition from a tilled and lose topsoil to a soil surface compacted by plowing.

It can lead to poorly permeable layers.

It is a name for a land-use system, where trees or bushes are plantedd on the same land-management unit as agricultural crops and/or animals. (two or more species with two or more outputs)

It has ecological and economical interactions between the different components and is more complex than a monocropping system.

Mid- or Longterm horizon (always more than one year) -> Landownership or Leasing

1) trees with arable crops

2) trees with livestock

3) trees with arable crops and livestock

• Higher estabilshment costs

• Greater effort and higher costs for management

• Long-term capital and land commitment due to the slow growing of woods

• Roots can damage the destroy arable drainage systems

• Competition between Trees and Crops (light, nutrients, water, space,…)

• Increased Biodiversity

• Increasing structural and habitat diversity in agricultural regions

• More benefitial insects

• Soil protection due to less erosion

• Enhanced nutrient cycle

• Higher product range (e.g. fire wood)

• Higher yield stability due to improved microclimate

• less fertalizer and pesticide consumption

• Better Groundwater quality

• Higher Aesthetic!

• Climate protection

• Food security

• Biodiversity conservation

1) Ecosystem restoration: restore terrestrial ecosystems (e.g. forests, wetlands, grasslands) to enhance biodiversity and remove CO2 from the atmosphere in addition

2) Protected area systems: Well inter connected protected area systems.

3) Diversified agriculture: EU agricultural policy should reduce industrial farming methods to improve food security, climate change mitigation and biodiversion conservation -> sustainable increase of production

4) Timber based construction: long-term carbon storrage, but wood must come from sustainbale forestry

5) Change dietary habits -> less animal products will reduce pressure on terrestrial ecosystems

EU: pesticides and fertalizers

Africa: insufficient fertilisation

• UNCCD: United Nations Convention to COmabt Desertification

• UNFCCC: United Nations Framework Convention on CC

• CBD: Convertion on Biological Diversity

Models are used to simulate complex systems in a simplified way.

Helps understand and identify drivers

simulation of impacts and planning support

Input data

System parameters

Modelling

A Water Evaluation and Policy Model can deliver results for various hydrologic and policy scenarios:

Advantages:

Filter effect -> higher nutrient deposition -> less Nitrate (- 1/3)

Disadvantages:

Higher Transpiration -> less groundwater recharge (-35 to 60%) and higher water consumption

It is a central approach to combine multiple land and water use goals to be more sustainable in the future, to adapt to climate cahnge and allocated risks and reduce uncertainty!