Pathology II and III

Large drusen

Dilations due to damaged capillary wall

intraretinal microvascular anomalies

Vessels which run from arterioles to venules and bypass the cap bed

End stage non proliferative diabetic ret NPDR

Cw spots- fluffy white lesion in RNFL

Exudates- in outer plexiform. Look same as drusen but OCT differentiates bz in different layer and leaking is present

Drusen - in bruchs mem

Subretinal haemorrages- AMD

Pre ret haem - boat shaped- trauma sudden increase in iop

Vitreous haem- Pro diabetic ret, hypertension and trauma

Neuropathy- damage to optic nerve

Atrophy- death of ret gang cells that make up optic nerve

Inflammation

Glaucoma

Ischemia

Raised intracranial pressure

Thin, atrophic neural rim

Large deep cup

Visible lamona cribosa

Structure of lamica cribosa disrupted