05. Renewable Energy 2

• Solar energy heats water on the surface of river, lakes,.. —> water evaporates

• Water vapor condeses into clouds —> falls as rain or snow

• Precipitation collects in streams and rivers, which empty into oceans and lakes —> evaporates —> start of the cycle

Principle: Converting potential and kinetic energy of water into mechanical work

• Water Flow: Water from a reservoir or river flows through a large pipe towards turbine

• Energy Conservation: Moving water turns in turbine blades, converting hydraulic energy into mechanical energy

• Electricity Generation: Rotating turbine shaft connected to the generator, which produces electricity as it spins

1. Impoundment

2. Diversion (run-of-river)

3. Pumped storage

• Dam to store river water

• Water released from reservoir flows in a turbine, spinning it, activates generator

• Portion of a river by a canal or penstock

• Penstock is closed conduit (Leitungskanal) —> Water flows to the turbine

• Water flow regulated by gates, valves and turbines

• Do not require a dam

• Demand of electricity is low —> facility stores energy by pumping water from lower reservoir to an upper

• High electrical demand —> Water is released back to the lower reservoir and turns a turbine for generating electricity

1. Francis

   • Most common

   • Medium head and flow conditions

2. Pelton

   • High head, low flow situations

   • Use kinetic energy of water jets to drive the turbine

3. Kaplan

   • Low head, high flow conditions

   • Adjustable blades to maximize efficiency

—> Form of kinetic energy exists in the motion of waves in the ocean

• Horizontal front/back - “surge” extracted by using a “roll rotation”

• Horizontal side-to-side - “sway” extracted by “pitch rotation”

• Vertical up/down - “heave” extracted by “yaw rotation” or “translation”

• Structure and prime mover —> capture energy of the wave

• Foundation or mooring —> Keeping structure and prime mover in place

• Power take-off (PTO) system —> mechanical energy converted into electrical

• Control system —> safeguard and optimize performance

• Point absorber

• Attenuator

• Terminator

• Oscillating water column (OWC)

Produced by natural rise and fall of tides caused by gravitational interaction of earth, sun and moon

1. Tidal Stream

   1. Turbine System (horizontal, vertical,…)

   2. Non-Turbine System

2. Tidal Range (Tidal Barrages, Tidal Lagoon)

• Slurry, manure or biowaste goes into collection tank

• Then in the digester, with light and oxygen the biomass digestes by anarobic micro-organisms —> biogas

• Digestion residues goes into a storage

• Biogas goes into a gas storage

• From the storage…

  1. Combined heat and power plant (CHP) —> electricity and heat

  2. Gas treatment plant

     1. Natural gas network

     2. Biogas petrol station

• Natural: Production in nature without human intervention

• Residual: Organic waste produced by human activity (wet or dry)

• Energy crops: Crops intended for energy utilization

• Input Biomass

• Going into decontruction process

• High temperature deconstruction

• By Gasification is produces hydrogen gas

• Draw fluids from underground reservoirs to the surface to produce heated material

• This steam or hot liquid then drives turbines —> generated electricity before it is reinjected back into the reservoir

• Types: Dry or Flash Steam Power Plant, Binary Cycle Power Plant