My qestions

Avoid sensor buttons w/o feedback

Light buttons on dark background

Contrast rich

Mat and non slippery surface

a)Coincidence of several symptoms which are characteristic for a disease pattern.

b) Most often the reason for the disease is coherent, but the progression of the disease is unknown.

disability -> activities, Handicap->participation - to deal with the in Reality more complex factors of Interaction.

combination of a haptic display and a one cell Braille display, moved over a virtual sheet by the reading person.

Number of stops necessary with conventional input vs. number of stops with predictive inoput

Intercept all informations that is sent from the computer on the screen in a suitable manner - use it for Braille display or speech synthesizer.

Raplace character with “full form”

Setting points in addition to the character displayed ar cursor position

Vibrate all or some points of the charakter displayed ar the cursor position

• Accessible from the start (Universal Design)

• Made accessible by original/included accessories

• Made accessible with usual aids/tools (offered by third parties)

• Only made accessible by customer specific adaptation

·       Should be ca. 100 cm above floor level mounted

·       Avoid flicker- range from 3-80 Hz, can trigger seizures in people with epilepsy merely by looking (even with closed eyes). Most critical frequencies is 20 HZ.

·       Must be operable also with only one hand, Force requirement <22N, Labelling clear, Logical arrangement, Turning the wrist shall be not required

·       Should follow usual conventions (On (up), Off (down), Warm (left), Cold (right)

·       Heads on rotary switches should have clear markings (visual and tactile) for their position

·       If scales are required, they should be on the housing

·       The convention of turning clockwise to increase value, should be maintained

1.     Reduction of distance

2.     Increase the size – large print documents

3.     Increase the viewing angle

4.     Magnification by projection or electronic measures

Brightness: helpful for people with night-blindness

Contrast: in case of clouding of the lens

Size: for low vison electronic zoom

Optical Bypass – aims on people with clouding, visual informations is recorded in front of the cornea and directly conveyed into the eye (implant into lens)

Retina Implants

            Epi-retinal – easier to implant, complex pre-procession

            Sub-retinal – harder to implant, simple pre-procession

Cortex Implant – simple electrodes

Ø  Camera generates palpable image matrix

Ø  Tactile Substitution – camera mounted on spectacles, electrocutane stimulator matrix on the skin

Ø  Reading Aid for Black Print

Ø  Optacon (Optical to tactile converter)

o   Al lot of practice needed to guide the camera and recognize the characters

o   Was also possible to read on curved surfaces (bottle)

o   Reading speed ½ hour to 8 minutes for one page

Most often used aid for blind persons – optimized to convey tactile and audible information – Training of 6-12 weeks is usually required

+Simple use, cheap, existing training programmes

-Obstacles can only be recognized one step ahead, some obstacle are difficult to detect if their parts touching the ground are not hit by the cane, obstacles above knee high are often detected too late, above waist hight are not detected ( head high difficult)

Ø  Obstacle detector – only indicate the mere precense of an obstacle

Ø  Navigation aids – work spatially related and provide direct information about direction

Ø  Environmental Sensors  - also make “statements” about the type and nature of an object

Location fix at any time

Route planning

Access to descriptive information in the Internet

Sound source in environment

Mark door entrances

Orientation in sports

object identification,

• navigation,

• requesting sighted help,

• listening to audiobooks,

• reading eBooks and

• optical character recognition.

Sensitivity of rods is ca. 2.000 times higher than that of

cones.  colour perception only with sufficient lighting

possible („in the night all cats are grey“)

·        Visual acuity (Visus): Snellen charts, Landolt rings

·        Visual field testing

·        Contrast measurement

·        Color measurement: Ishihara, Anomaloscope

·        Reliable information on accessibility and trail conditions befor start of travel.

·        Setting of personal abilities

·        GIS (Geographic Information System)

·        Conventional electrically powered wheelchair (joystick)

·        Semi-autonomous/autonomous wheelchairs (take over steering)

·        Wheelchairs moving based of marks and stored maps

·        Joystick 81%

·        Head or chin control 9%

·        Suck/Blow control 6%

·        Other 4%

·        Mechanical Sensors (bumper)

·        Ultrasound sensors (distance sensors)

·        Video camera with image processing

·        Infrared scanner (using reflection principle)

·        Man-Machine Interface (simple swipes)

·        Control Unit (dedicated hardware device)

·        Transmitter

·        Receiver

·        Target Device (remote controllable single devices)

Buddy- emotional, companion robot (education, inclusion)

·        Calculator with speech output

·        Clock/Watches with speech output

·        Light detection (small devices, check if the room light is on / indicator lights from devices)

·        Color detection (ColorTest by CareTec as device(RGB analysis) or Color Say App for iPhone)

·        Tape Recorder/Digital Voice Recorder

·        Money Handling

o   Mechanical banknote detector (CashTest(detect banknotes their size is measured))

o   Electronic banknote detector ((Electronic Money Identifier) US Dollars have same size alle – that’s why we need here a detector who speech out loud)

o   Apps for mobile phones to detect Banknotes (CashReader)

·        Monitor for noise (microphones on a spectacle frame)

·        Optical signaling system (flash light, for incoming telephone calls e.g.)

·        Vibration alarm clock (a vibrating cushion placed under the pillow)

·        Vibration for mobile devices

·        Service call System (Example fuelService App, helping with refueling the car)

·        Eating devices for people with hand tremor

o   Shakes up to 70% less than users hand, Parkinson patients

·        Eating devices for users with limited hand mobility (Reduction of unwanted movements, flexible joint)

·        Makeup applicator users with limited hand/arm mobility

·        Optical (vision)

·        Acoustic/mechanical (hearing)

·        Chemical (smelling and tasting)

·        Thermal

Visual acuity (Visus):Snellen chart, Landolt rings

Visual field testing (perimetry)

Contrast measurement

Color measurement: Ishihara, Anomaloscope

Number identifiy, red-green color defienciencies

A color is presented as mixture (upper half) and a the same time as pure spectral color (lower half circle). The person should adjust the mixed color in a way that it is subjectively perceived as equal.

·       Invariance of haptic perception to position change

·       Occulation (objects are visible when tactile explore)

·       Perspective (maximum size of an arm)

·       Shadowing (resulting from straight running lights- no equivalent in haptic perception)

Outer ear, middle ear, inner ear

Level 1: Severe visual disability: Print can be used still effectively

Level 2: Functional Blindness: Vision still helpful but print can not read anymore/even large.

Level 3: Blindness on both eyes: Vision no longer of practival importance, includes fully blind people

Damage in the cortex can lead to forms of hearing impairment despite fully functional hearing organs.

Non-verbal auditory agnosia:

Affected person cannot recognize non-verbal sounds/noises.

Auditory agnosia:

Person is unable to understand speech, while the ability to

Recognize non-verbal sounds/noises is not affected.

Some sound perception may exist, but very undifferentiated,

not usefully usable

Subjective hearing sensation without objective sound source (subjective tinnitus). Objektive, actual measurable oscillations of hair cells)

Guide Robots

Big and heavy, only usable in barrier-free areas, substitute to guid dogs

Intelligent Rollators (e.g. WalkActive)

·        Support and safety for persons

·        Avoidance of collision

·        Guidance along path

Sensor Vicariate: Visual stimuli connot precieved and get replaced with an tactile stimulus.

Actuator Vicariate: An actuator vicariate is effective in the direction from human to environment. (Lift something mounted arm)

Mental Vicariate: The aid takes over some „thinking“ for a person (e.g. memorizing an appointment, a medication, a path

"Universal Design" is the design and configuration of products and environments … such that they are usable for most people, … such that this is possible without adaptations or special configuration in some way

Path optimized Keyboards

Enlarged keyboards

Down-sized keyboards

Special shaped keyboards

Singel hand for Braille

“critical overscan”: accepts that the scan time for hitting the target field is actually much too short

“inverse scanning” tries to increase the likelihood of hitting target field by using 2 switches

Finger flexing switch

Tilt switch

Grasp switch

Wobble switch

BCI is currently the only option for users without any remaining movement abilities Allows communication with CLI (Completely Locked In) patients Mostly still in experimental stage, not yet very practical in daily use, e.g. need for extensive training sessions, cap with (wet) electrodes Currently a lot of progress in BCI research and products: dry electrodes, biofeedback BCI systems (consumer market) and application of BCI for healthy users (safety in car, airplanes, …

Complexity of human Language contrdicting with easiness, as all Kids can easy require from alle Culturs.

He assumed a biological fundament “congenital Knowledge”

• (Universal) principles (congenital)

• (Grammatical) parameters (acquired)