past paper

• The lasing material is amplified by being reflected internally using mirror until its energy is enough for it to escape as a streamed light.

• The light is focused at the work area by mirrors or fibre optics that direct the beam through a lens which intensifies it.

• The laser is moved along the cut line either using a manual torch or by a CNC machine.

• The focused laser beam burns/melts/vaporises the material which is blown away by a jet of gas.

• The cut surface may be subsequently dressed or machined to improve the surface finish.

• the prototype is tested to ensure it workes as intended by checking its features performance, and functionality in real world conditions

• the product is exposed to extreme conditions (heat, pressure, load) to see if it can handle stress without braking or

• users interact with the product to assess if it is easy to use and meets their needs. feedback is collected to improve the design

• the product is checked to ensure it meets safety standareds, like prevent electrcal fualts, sharp edges or overheating

Differences

• drilling machine creates holes in the material, while a milling machines can drill holes, cut slots and shape surface

• in a drilling machine , the drill bit moves vertically, in a milling the cutting tool moves vertically, horizontally and multiple directions

• a drill bit is used in a drilling machine for making round holes, while milling cutters in millling machines can diffrent shapes and surfaces

• in a drill machine the workpice stays still, while in a milling machine, it can move in diffrent directions for complex cuts

• milling machine provide more precise and complex cuts, while drilling machines are mainly for simple hole making

Similarty

• both use cutting tool to remove material

• both can creat holes in a workpiece

• both require clamping of the workpice to ensure accurancy and safety

• is a process used to capture carbon dioxide CO2 emissions from industries and power plants to reduce their impact on enviroment

• cature: CO2 is collected from factoies power plants or directly from the air using special filters or chemical processes

• utilisation: the captured CO2 is reused in industries, such as making building material producing fuels, or enhancing oil recovery

• Storing: the remaining CO2 is safely stored underground in deep rock formations preventing it from entering the atmosphere

• reneawable energy integrate: new technology like soler pantes, wind turbines and battery storage help engineers design that reduce depandence on fossil fuels lowering carbon emission

• Advanced recycling & 3D printing: recycling technologies allow engineers to rease material like metals and plastics, which 3D printing reduce waste by using only the exact amount of material needed for production

Advantages

• turn waste into gas (syngas) which can be used for electricity, fuel or chemicals

• helps get rid of biomass and industrial waste, cutting down landfill use

• creats less CO2 then burning fuels directly making it better for the enviroment

• the gas made can power factories, vehicles or even make hydrogen fuel

Disadvantages

• setting up gasification plants costs a lot of money

• need exact temperature and pressure to work properly

• if not handled well, it can release harmful gases

• many business still use traditional fuel, so gasification is not widely used

• develop material and design striatgies to minimaise the vehical’s wieght while ensurings safety and structural integraty

• a lighter vehical uses less energy to move, which improves fuel efficincy reduce carbon emission light wight materials, such as carbon fiber may be considered to replace traditional transport materials

• enhance the vehical’s ability to use energy whilee maintaining performance

• research into aerodinamics efficint energies and regenerative braking system can help the vehical use energy move effectively, reducing fuel consumpion battery usage for electric vehical

• develop or improve the vehical’s powertrain for better energy conversion and efficiency

• this could involve designing hybride, electric or fuel- effecint combution enging to further decrease energy cos imprion lower emission

• fouces on eco-frendly materials and reducing the enviromental impact on the vehical during its production, use are disposal

• developing recyclable parts using renewable energy source for manufacturing and ensuring the vehical emits fewer pollutants are key considerations for meeting enviromental standerds and consumers demand for sustainable products

• balance the cost of development innovative technologies with affordability for consumers

• the vehical should be affordable for customers, which means the company must find a way to make advanced technologies cost-effective, both in terms of production and retail price

• ensure that the new vehicale meets safety standerds without compromising on the lightwight design

• while reducing weight its crucil thst the vehical maintains high crash werrthiness and overall safety for the driver, passengers and pedestriance

• consumer demand and market fit: research and trends to ensure the vehicle meets the needs and preference of potential costomers

hazard: poor soldering (cold joints, bridges)

possbal harm: cuircuit failure, over heat or fire, electric shock, burn injures

correct measuments: use correct temperature, inspect each joint properly, use a fume extractor, wear safety glasses and heat-resistant gloves, cheacking circuit before powering

resons for development of VR: better training, improved design, better entertainment, online meet, medical use therapy..

• sensors: VR use motion sensors, cameras, eye trackers to follow movements. This helps system respond quickly and accuraly

• real time feedback: autopmation systems, in VR can change things based on what the user does (move an object, change veiw)

• improved control: robots or machines can be controlled in VR using head movments or voice

• simulated enviroments: helps test automated machines safely before them in real world

• human-machine interaction: makes the control of automated systems feed more natural and realistic

Effect on socity

• communcation: people can connect instantly through messages, calls, vidio chats

• education: online learning and easy access to information for students and techers

• social media: allows shearing of ideas but cuse cyberbulling

• healthcare: online appointments, health advice, medical records are easy to access

• lifestyle: shoping online, banking and entertainment are more convenient

effect on economic

• new jobs: created roles in IT, e-commerce, digital marketing and more

• e-commerce growth: online shoping like amazon have changed how people buy and sell

• remete working: people can work from home, salling cost for busnesses

• faster busness: companies can sell, advertise, manage money quicker online

• global market: even small businesses can reach customers around the world

• new developments in materials and processes: can lead to the creation of new product that were not possible before

• market and product research and assessment: understanding the needs ands wants of customers and the broader market is essential for identifying oppertions for innovation

• modernizing and competitive advanteges: comanies need to modernize their technology or processes to remain competitive being addrest

• entrepreneurs: they are willing to take risks and develop new products, services, or business. identify opportions that are not being addrest

• making new processe, technology and materials fit for perpose: develop to address existing challenges or create new opportunties

• reduce produt failure rates: by identifying potential failure points and designs products that can withstand the demands of their indended use

• improveing performance over existing prouct: by identify areas for improvment and developing new technology, materials, design that can enhance performance

• product testing in a user enviroment: so it meet user needs. identify any issues or problems with a product before it is realesed to the market

• refining production processes: to make more efficient, cost-effective enviromenally freindly. identify to improve, reduce waste, energy comsuption