What is Behaviorism?
habit formation, “listen & repeat”
imitation + practice = driving forces for language acquisition
What is Nativism / the innatist perspective?
Chomsky’s Grammar
focus on learners’ competence
What is Krashen’s monitor model?
Acquisition-learning hypothesis (unconscious process of picking up of the target language in natural settings
Monitor hypothesis
Natural order hypothesis (language acquisition follows predictable sequences)
Input hypothesis
Affective filter hypothesis (blockade that might prevent the learner from applying structures from input, e.g. anxiety)
What is the Processability theory by Pienemann?
learners acquire processing strategies
developmentally ready to process language structure
developmental: learner is not developmentally ready to process a certain structure yet
variational: learner is developmentally ready but makes a mistake
What is Interlanguage by Selinker?
= a state of language that has not yet been fully developed by a learner
-> target language is not fully acquired but only approximated
rule-governed
predictable
What is overgeneralisation?
= phenomenon that language learners who have acquired a grammar rule “overuse” it
by applying it to all contexts
even when there are exceptions to the rule
e.g. using of the past “ed” also for irregular verbs
Should lexis and grammar be taught in combination?
YES!
individual words -> collocations -> colligations -> grammatical rules and patterns
What is the mental lexicon?
= human word store
What are semantic network associations?
Clang association: phonological similarity (e.g. fun - pun)
Paradigmatic associations: same word classes (e.g. synonyms)
Syntagmatic associations: linking words from different word classes syntactically (e.g. collocations)
Focus on Form (FonF):
What is Planned FonF vs. Incidental FonF?
suggested by Long
Planned Focus on Form: tasks are meaning-centred
Incidental Focus on Form: follows a “learning by opportunity” approach
What is the CEFR?
= Common European Framework of Reference for Languages
published in 2001 by Council of Europe
narrow focus
scales are not always clear
standardization jars with differentiation
output standard encourage teaching to the test
What is the ‘Communicative Turn’?
= approach to language teaching that highlights real-life interaction
-> real-world communicative competence
What is holistic learning?
multi-channel learning: sensory, cognitive, affective aspects
learning with brain, hand and heart
e.g. drama-based strategies (like role-plays)
What is quantitative vs. qualitive differentiation?
Quantitative differentiation
reduce or expand amount of activities / materials
Qualitive differentiation
increase level of difficulty for quick learners
increase supportfor slow learners
Which communication strategies are there?
paraphrasing
code switching
use of all-purpose words (thing, stuff)
word coinage (speakers turn a word of another langauge into an English-sounding word
non-verbal / paralinguistic communication (gestures)
asking for help and clarification
avoidance (speakers implify intended message to a less complex statement)
What are the four phrases of speaking according to Scovel?
conceptualization
formulation
articulation
self-monitoring
What is fossilisation?
= phenomenon whereby inaccurate linguistic terms become permanent in a learner’s interlanguage
e.g. a foreign accent
What 3 dimensions of culture are there according to Posner?
mental culture: codes (ideas, values)
social culture: code users (individuals, society, institutions)
material culture: texts
What are the goals of ICC?
promote favourable development of the learner’s whole personality
response to the enriching experience of otherness in language and culture
e.g. critical incidents (misunderstandings between different cultures)
What is mono-codal vs. multi-codal?
mono-codal, e.g. for only text or only audio
multi-codal, e.g. for text combined with images, animations, audio files
What are the 3 aspects of the TPACK Model?
Technological Knowledge (TK)
Pedagogical Knowledge (PK
Content Knowledge (CK)
What are the 4 aspects of the SAMR-Model?
Redefinition
Modification
Augmentation
Substitution
-> blended learning: combines traditional face-to-face instruction with digital tools and online activities -> greater flexibility and personalization of learning
What is MALL?
MALL = mobile-assisted language learning
augmented reality
virtual reality
speech recognition
gamification (using game design elements in non-game coontexts, e.g. levels, progress bards)
What is DGBLL?
= digital game based language learning
language learning games
playful approaches increase learner motivation
What is the DigCompEdu?
= European Framework for Digital Competence of Educators
problem: finding appropriate material
added value
usability
interactivity
technical requirements
What are primary and secondary sites of the classroom?
Primary sites: specifically created and designed to initiate foreign language learning (e.g. museum, cinema)
Secondary sites: designed for very different purposes but can be exploited for language learning (e.g. restaurants attracting international clientele)
What is augmented vs. virtual reality?
augmented reality: overlays virtual info onto the real world
virtual reality: immerses the user in a seperate self-contained world
What are trend in teaching literature in the 20th century?
New Criticism
focus on structuralist methods of interpretation & formal elements of literary texts
Reader Response Theory
focus on the reading process as a creative act involving the reader and his or her interaction with the literary text
What are levels of literary comprehension by Bredella & Hallet?
Meaning-constituting reading
Capturing aesthetic and generic features
Foreign understanding
Discourse capability
Last changeda day ago