cogntion

• Behaviors characterized by flexibility

• Based on abstraction

• Based on some form of mental representation

• Involve decision-making

• Can be more or less complex

• Some are simple

Insight is the ability that involves

• representation of a problem-situation

• mental manipulation of the elements that form i

1. Use of an object as a functional extension of the body

2. To be considered an instrument or tool, the object must meet some requirements

1. The object must be unattached

2. The object must be oriented correctly

3. The object must be used deliberately

• Use of an external object

• To alter the form, position, or condition of another object, organism, or the user itself

• Chimpanzees

• Capuchin monkeys

• Crows

• Dolphins

• Sea otters

1. Use of sticks

2. Use of stones

3. Tool sets

• Different populations

• Different tool traditions

• Social learning involved

• Self-awareness

• Theory of Mind (ToM)

1. Ability to recognize oneself

2. Distinction between self and others

• Mark test

• Use of mirror

• Recognition of own body

1. Humans

2. Great apes

3. Dolphins

4. Elephants

5. Magpies

1. Ability to attribute mental states to others

2. Beliefs

3. Intentions

4. Knowledge

1. Social interactions

2. Cooperation

3. Competition

4. Deception

1. Gaze following

2. Perspective taking

3. Understanding goals

A:

• Tactical deception

  • Primates

  • Hiding food

  • Misleading conspecifics

• Manipulation of others’ behavior

• Human-designed systems

• Used to test language abilities

1. Symbols

2. Rules

3. Combinatorial structure

• Cognitive traits are adaptations

• Shaped by natural selection

1. Domain-specific

2. Related to ecological problems

1. Object manipulation

2. Tool use

3. Spatial understanding

1. Recognition of individuals

2. Social relationships

3. Communication

• Comparison across species

• Evolutionary perspective

• Brain size

• Energetic costs

• Developmental limits

ecological: optain food

social: interaction

1. milton:

   • trophic resoruces distributed in time and space

2. parker:

   • resoruces that are hidden musr bw optained through extractive behaviors

1. byrne::

   . machiavllian intellgineece: social strategies: competiivtie race for efficiency

2. de waal: primate politics:

   • advantages of cooperating with others and obtaning new infos thorugh social learning