Larynx level?
Below the hyoid bone.
Larynx position?
Between pharynx and trachea.
Larynx position to laryngopharynx?
Anterior to the laryngopharynx.
Larynx primary functions?
Protect air passage and produce voice (phonation).
Larynx skeleton type?
Cartilaginous skeleton.
Three single laryngeal cartilages?
Thyroid, Cricoid, and Epiglottis.
Three paired laryngeal cartilages?
Arytenoid, Corniculate, and Cuneiform.
Thyroid cartilage type?
Hyaline cartilage.
Thyroid cartilage components?
Two laminae, superior horns, and inferior horns.
Cricoid cartilage shape?
A complete ring.
Cricoid cartilage parts?
Anterior arch and broad posterior lamina.
Epiglottis cartilage type?
Elastic cartilage.
Epiglottis shape?
Leaf-shaped structure.
Arytenoid cartilage shape?
Pyramidal in shape.
Arytenoid base components?
Anterior vocal process and lateral muscular process.
Attaches to vocal process?
The vocal ligament.
Lateral process purpose?
Attachment for cricoarytenoid muscle.
Corniculate cartilages location?
Small nodular cartilages in aryepiglottic folds.
Number of laryngeal joint pairs?
Three pairs.
Cricothyroid joint location?
Between inferior thyroid horn and cricoid facet.
Cricothyroid joint type?
Synovial.
Cricoarytenoid joint location?
Between cricoid and arytenoid cartilages.
Cricoarytenoid joint movement?
Gliding movement.
Arytenocorniculate joint nature?
Very small synovial joint.
List extrinsic ligaments/membranes?
Thyrohyoid membrane, cricothyroid, cricotracheal, hyoepiglottic, thyroepiglottic.
Quadrangular membrane extension?
Between epiglottis and arytenoid cartilages.
Lower margin of quadrangular membrane?
Forms the vestibular ligament.
Vestibular ligament location?
Within the vestibular fold.
Lower cricothyroid ligament attachment?
To the cricoid cartilage.
Upper margin of cricothyroid ligament?
Forms the vocal ligament.
Vocal ligament attachment points?
Anteriorly to thyroid cartilage; posteriorly to arytenoid vocal process.
Laryngeal inlet direction?
Backward and upward toward laryngopharynx.
Inlet front boundary?
Upper margin of the epiglottis.
Inlet lateral boundary?
The aryepiglottic fold.
Inlet posterior boundary?
Mucous membrane between arytenoid cartilages.
Laryngeal cavity extent?
From inlet to lower border of cricoid cartilage.
Narrow cavity region?
The vestibular folds (rima vestibuli).
Narrowest cavity region?
The vocal folds (rima glottidis).
Three parts of laryngeal cavity?
Vestibule (supraglottic), ventricle, and infraglottic part.
Define laryngeal vestibule?
Supraglottic part above vestibular folds.
Define laryngeal ventricle?
Part between vestibular and vocal folds.
Define infraglottic part?
Part below the vocal folds.
Extrinsic muscle groups?
Elevators and Depressors.
Elevator muscles (Suprahyoid)?
Digastric, Stylohyoid, Mylohyoid, and Geniohyoid.
Depressor muscles (Infrahyoid)?
Sternohyoid, Sternothyroid, and Omohyoid.
Control laryngeal inlet?
Oblique arytenoid and Aryepiglottic muscles.
Oblique arytenoid action?
Narrows the inlet.
Thyroepiglottic muscle action?
Widens the inlet.
Increases vocal cord tension?
Cricothyroid muscle.
Cricothyroid effect on distance?
Increases distance between thyroid angle and arytenoid processes.
Decreases vocal cord tension?
Thyroarytenoid (vocalis).
Thyroarytenoid relaxation method?
Pulls arytenoid cartilage forward toward thyroid.
Define vocal cord adduction?
Closing the folds.
Define vocal cord abduction?
Opening the folds.
Vocal cord adductor muscles?
Lateral cricoarytenoid and Transverse arytenoid.
Only vocal cord abductor?
Posterior cricoarytenoid.
Transverse arytenoid function?
Closes posterior rima glottidis.
Two laryngeal sphincters?
Inlet sphincter and rima glottis sphincter.
When is inlet sphincter used?
Only during swallowing.
When is rima glottis sphincter used?
During coughing and sneezing.
Upper larynx artery supply?
Superior laryngeal artery.
Superior laryngeal artery origin?
Superior thyroid artery.
Lower larynx artery supply?
Inferior laryngeal artery.
Inferior laryngeal artery origin?
Inferior thyroid artery.
Laryngeal vein drainage?
Accompany corresponding arteries.
Laryngeal lymph drainage?
Deep cervical lymph nodes.
Sensory above vocal cords?
Internal laryngeal nerve.
Internal laryngeal nerve origin?
Superior laryngeal branch of vagus nerve.
Sensory below vocal cords?
Recurrent laryngeal nerve.
Recurrent laryngeal nerve origin?
The vagus nerve.
Motor supply to most intrinsic muscles?
Intrinsic muscle NOT supplied by recurrent nerve?
Cricothyroid nerve supply?
External laryngeal branch.
Trachea composition?
Fibro-cartilaginous tube.
Trachea location?
Neck and superior mediastinum.
Trachea position to esophagus?
Anterior to the esophagus.
Trachea length?
Approximately 10-11 cm.
Trachea starting point?
At the cricoid cartilage.
Tracheal bifurcation level?
At the level of T4.
Bifurcation landmark?
Sternal angle (Angle of Louis).
Number of tracheal cartilages?
15-20 cartilages.
Tracheal cartilage shape?
C-shaped hyaline cartilages.
Bronchial mucus function?
Capture foreign particles.
Respiratory cilia function?
Move trapped particles up to be expelled/swallowed.
Define the Acinus?
Functional respiratory unit of the lung.
Acinus components?
Bronchioles, alveolar ducts, sacs, and alveoli.
Gaseous exchange location?
Alveolar ducts and alveoli.
Path from trachea to alveoli?
Trachea -> Main bronchi -> Lobar -> Segmental -> Bronchioles -> Alveolar ducts/sacs.
Orders of respiratory bronchioles?
Three orders (1st, 2nd, 3rd).
Right Main Bronchus description?
Short, wide, more vertical, divided into 3.
Left Main Bronchus description?
Long, narrow, more horizontal, divided into 2.
Right lung segments count?
10 segments.
Right Superior Lobe segments?
Apical, posterior, and anterior.
Right Middle Lobe segments?
Medial and lateral.
Right Inferior Lobe segments?
Apical, anterior, posterior, lateral, and medial.
Left Superior Lobe segments?
Apical, posterior, anterior, superior lingular, inferior lingular.
Left Inferior Lobe segments?
Lung lacking a middle lobe?
The left lung.
Lingular division segments?
Superior and inferior lingular segments (left superior lobe).
Bronchial tree blood supply?
Left and right bronchial arteries.
Left bronchial artery origin?
Thoracic aorta.
Right bronchial artery origin?
Aorta, intercostal artery, or left bronchial branch.
Right bronchial vein drainage?
Into the azygos vein.
Left bronchial vein drainage?
Left superior intercostal or accessory hemiazygos vein.
Bronchial tree innervation?
Pulmonary plexus of the vagus nerve.
Last changed20 days ago